Efeito da exclusão dos insetos polinizadores na produção do café Bourbon

The effect of the exclusion of pollinating insects on the yield of the bourbon coffee

Resumos

The diploid species of Coffea so far investigated, are self sterile, while tetraploid C. arabica, besides being self-fertile, is an almost completely autogamous species. Natural crossing in this species is promoted either by wind or by insects while gravity probably only plays a limited role. The trial here discussed was established to study the effect of certain native and also of the European honey bee in the promotion of the pollination in C. arabica var. bourbon, and also to test their influence on the yield of coffee. As it was difficult to specifically determine the effects of only this group of insects, the data represent the total effect on coffee yield and seed characteristics, of the exclusion of all pollinating insects. A group of 135 coffee "hills", each with four seedlings, and planted in 15 rows of 9 "hills" each, was used for this purpose. A row consisted of two plots of three "hills" each, besides the borders. One "hill" in each plot was always covered with muslin cloth as shown in figure 1. The trial comprised 26 replications. About 20 meters away from the trial, 15 beehives were established, basically of the following species: Nannotrigona (Scaptotrigona) sp., Tetragona (Tetragonisca) jaty, Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, Plebeia sp. and Nannotrigona (Na.) testaceicomis. In the course of the experiment, the species Melipona Scutellaria and Cephalotrigona capitata were added. There was an apiary of honey bees (A. mellifera) at about 700 meters from the experiment. The muslin protections to exclude insects were palced one day before the opening of the flowers and removed, some 10 to 15 days later, when all flowers bad dried corolla?. These treatments were repeated every year from 1951 to 1956, in order to collect information on the yield of each of the "hills" and also on the seed types produced and their size. During 1953, 1954 and 1955, data were also collected concerning the percentage of fruit set and seed types based on a certain number of previously counted flowers. It was noticed that the nectar of the coffee flowers was still abundant even 24 hours after anthesis; its sugar content was about 38%. Apis mellifera was the species most frequently found visiting the Bourbon flowers. Among the native bees, the Plebeia sp. and Nannotrigona (Na.) testaceicomis were found in higher numbers, collecting mainly pollen. During rainy weather, nearly half of the A. mellifera bees present was seen collecting only pollen. On sunny days a large number of bees was observed visiting the coffee flowers, A. mellifera being found in larger numbers at about 12 a.m., at temperatures of 30 to 32°C. The Plebeia sp. and N. (Na.) testaceicornis start their flights later than A. mellifera. Of several A mellifera bees marked, only one was seen four times during 24 hours in an area of 13m x 6m. The inconstancy of these bees may be due to the short duration of the coffee flowering period. According to the data obtained, large bees, as A. mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata were more efficient to promote pollination than the small ones. Plebeia sp., Tetragonisca (Te.) jaty and N. (Na.) testaceicornis were found on older flowers collecting nectar from the base of the displaced and almost dried corolla tubes. The meliponin bees Plebeia sp., N. (Na.) testaceicomis, Tr. (Tr.) ruficrus were sometimes frequently seen taking nectar through the slit like holes made near the base of corolla tubes by Tr. (Tr.) hyalinata and by the wasp Brachygastra augustii. Additional observation indicated that A. mellifera and the native bees M. quadrifasciata, Cephalotrigona capitata prefer the larger and more scented flowers of Coffea Dewevrei hybrids, found farther away from lhe Bourbon trial. N. (Scaptotrigona) sp. although present in strong colonies, was seen only once on coffee flowers. In spite of the large number of insects collecting nectar and pollen on Bourbon coffee flowers, the yield data here presented do not show significant differences between the protected trees in comparison with the control, without any protection. In these plants only a certain tendency towards a higher production was observed, during four of the six consecutive years. This effect may be the result of an intensified liberation of pollen, simply due to insect contacts,the pollen then being transported by wind. The somewhat lower yield of the protected plants may also be the result of the reduction of light due to the use of muslin protection which remained on the trees for about 10 to 15 days after each coffee blossoming, 3 to 4 times every year. The data on fruit setting, also indicate a higher percentage in the unprotected trees. The percentage of peaberry (²) seeds was significantly higher in the covered plants. The percentage of "elephant" (³) seeds was also higher, but not significantly, in this same group of plants. The causes of these abnormalities are not yet well understood. There were no differences in the amount of empty seeds and in the size of the beans in both groups of plants. The influence of bees on coffee pollination must be restricted nearly only to the diploid self-sterile species of Coffea. The results here presented for C. arabica var. bourbon indicate that the role played by insects in promoting pollination and increasing the yield, seem to be of secondary importance for this variety of coffee.

Efeito da exclusão dos insetos polinizadores na produção do café Bourbon^*

The effect of the exclusion of pollinating insects on the yield of the bourbon coffee

Paulo Nogueira - Neto^I; A. Carvalho^II; H. Antunes Filho^II

^IBacharel em História Natural

^IIEngenheiros-agrônomos, Seção de Genética. Instituto Agronômico

RESUMO

O presente ensaio, realizado com a var. bourbon de Coffea arabica, além de dar informações sôbre a produção dos cafeeiros protegidos dos insetos polinizadores, permitiu também averiguar o comportamento de várias espécies de abelhas e obter outras informações correlatas.

Constatou-se, assim, que o néctar da flor é ainda abundante mesmo 24 horas após a antese e que o teor de açúcar do néctar é elevado, da ordem de 38%, em média. Apis mellifera foi a espécie mais freqüentemente encontrada coletando o néctar e o pólen. Em dias chuvosos, muitas das abelhas dessa espécie apenas coletam o pólen. Das abelhas indígenas, somente Plebéia sp. e Nannotrigona (Na.) testaceicomis e Melipona quadrifasciata foram encontradas colhendo o pólen. Com tempo bom, as abelhas visitam as flôres do café em grande número, tendo-se notado que A. mellifera ocorre com maior freqüência em horas próximas do meio dia, à temperatura de 30 a 32°C. As abelhas Plebeia sp. e N. (Na.) testaceicomis iniciam o vôo mais tarde que a A. mellifera. Em observações realizadas no decurso de 24 horas verificou-se que uma abelha européia trabalhou num território de 13m x 6m, enquanto outras abelhas marcadas não foram vistas novamente. As observações feitas indicaram também que as abelhas grandes, como A. mellifera e Melipona quadrifasciata, são mais eficientes do que as pequenas como polinizadoras do cafeeiro. Em flores mais velhas, com a base da corola já desprendida, encontraram-se as abelhas menores, lambendo diretamente os nectários. As espécies de meliponíneos Plebeia sp., Tetragona (Tetragonisca) jaty, N. (Na.) testaceicomis e Trigona (Trigona) ruficrus, foram vistas muitas vêzes alcançando os nectários através de cortes feitos na base das corolas por Trigona (Trigona) hyalinata. Observações adicionais mostraram que as abelhas M. quadrifasciata e Cephalotrigona capitata, bem como A. mellifera, dão preferência as flôres de exemplares oriundos de Coffea Dewevrei, que são maiores do que as do café Bourbon e têm perfume mais intenso.

Apesar da ocorrência dos insetos colhendo néctar e pólen, os dados de produção de café cereja não mostraram diferenças significativas entre as plantas protegidas e sem proteção. Notou-se apenas uma tendência, em cinco dos seis anos analisados, de serem maiores as produções das plantas sem proteção e, portanto, visitadas por insetos. Os dados de frutificação obtidos indicaram, também, melhor pegamento dos frutos nas plantas sem proteção. Nestes cafeeiros as porcentagens de sementes moca mostraram-se significativamente maiores, enquanto as porcentagens de sementes concha, embora também maiores, não se mostraram significativas. A quantidade de frutos com lojas sem sementes e o tamanho das sementes não diferiram nos dois tratamentos.

A influência das abelhas na polinização do cafeeiro deve, pois, ser pràticamente limitada às espécies autoestéreis de Coffea. Os dados aqui obtidos indicam que o papel desempenhado pelos insetos em promover maior polinização e aumento de produção dos cafeeiros da var. bourbon, é de importância secundária.

SUMMARY

The diploid species of Coffea so far investigated, are self sterile, while tetraploid C. arabica, besides being self-fertile, is an almost completely autogamous species. Natural crossing in this species is promoted either by wind or by insects while gravity probably only plays a limited role. The trial here discussed was established to study the effect of certain native and also of the European honey bee in the promotion of the pollination in C. arabica var. bourbon, and also to test their influence on the yield of coffee. As it was difficult to specifically determine the effects of only this group of insects, the data represent the total effect on coffee yield and seed characteristics, of the exclusion of all pollinating insects.

A group of 135 coffee "hills", each with four seedlings, and planted in 15 rows of 9 "hills" each, was used for this purpose. A row consisted of two plots of three "hills" each, besides the borders. One "hill" in each plot was always covered with muslin cloth as shown in figure 1. The trial comprised 26 replications. About 20 meters away from the trial, 15 beehives were established, basically of the following species: Nannotrigona (Scaptotrigona) sp., Tetragona (Tetragonisca) jaty, Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, Plebeia sp. and Nannotrigona (Na.) testaceicomis. In the course of the experiment, the species Melipona Scutellaria and Cephalotrigona capitata were added. There was an apiary of honey bees (A. mellifera) at about 700 meters from the experiment.

The muslin protections to exclude insects were palced one day before the opening of the flowers and removed, some 10 to 15 days later, when all flowers bad dried corolla?. These treatments were repeated every year from 1951 to 1956, in order to collect information on the yield of each of the "hills" and also on the seed types produced and their size. During 1953, 1954 and 1955, data were also collected concerning the percentage of fruit set and seed types based on a certain number of previously counted flowers.

It was noticed that the nectar of the coffee flowers was still abundant even 24 hours after anthesis; its sugar content was about 38%. Apis mellifera was the species most frequently found visiting the Bourbon flowers. Among the native bees, the Plebeia sp. and Nannotrigona (Na.) testaceicomis were found in higher numbers, collecting mainly pollen. During rainy weather, nearly half of the A. mellifera bees present was seen collecting only pollen. On sunny days a large number of bees was observed visiting the coffee flowers, A. mellifera being found in larger numbers at about 12 a.m., at temperatures of 30 to 32°C. The Plebeia sp. and N. (Na.) testaceicornis start their flights later than A. mellifera. Of several A mellifera bees marked, only one was seen four times during 24 hours in an area of 13m x 6m. The inconstancy of these bees may be due to the short duration of the coffee flowering period. According to the data obtained, large bees, as A. mellifera and Melipona quadrifasciata were more efficient to promote pollination than the small ones. Plebeia sp., Tetragonisca (Te.) jaty and N. (Na.) testaceicornis were found on older flowers collecting nectar from the base of the displaced and almost dried corolla tubes. The meliponin bees Plebeia sp., N. (Na.) testaceicomis, Tr. (Tr.) ruficrus were sometimes frequently seen taking nectar through the slit like holes made near the base of corolla tubes by Tr. (Tr.) hyalinata and by the wasp Brachygastra augustii. Additional observation indicated that A. mellifera and the native bees M. quadrifasciata, Cephalotrigona capitata prefer the larger and more scented flowers of Coffea Dewevrei hybrids, found farther away from lhe Bourbon trial. N. (Scaptotrigona) sp. although present in strong colonies, was seen only once on coffee flowers.

In spite of the large number of insects collecting nectar and pollen on Bourbon coffee flowers, the yield data here presented do not show significant differences between the protected trees in comparison with the control, without any protection. In these plants only a certain tendency towards a higher production was observed, during four of the six consecutive years. This effect may be the result of an intensified liberation of pollen, simply due to insect contacts,the pollen then being transported by wind. The somewhat lower yield of the protected plants may also be the result of the reduction of light due to the use of muslin protection which remained on the trees for about 10 to 15 days after each coffee blossoming, 3 to 4 times every year. The data on fruit setting, also indicate a higher percentage in the unprotected trees.

The percentage of peaberry (²) seeds was significantly higher in the covered plants. The percentage of "elephant" (³) seeds was also higher, but not significantly, in this same group of plants. The causes of these abnormalities are not yet well understood. There were no differences in the amount of empty seeds and in the size of the beans in both groups of plants.

The influence of bees on coffee pollination must be restricted nearly only to the diploid self-sterile species of Coffea. The results here presented for C. arabica var. bourbon indicate that the role played by insects in promoting pollination and increasing the yield, seem to be of secondary importance for this variety of coffee.

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LITERATURA CITADA

Recebido para publicação em 28 de abril de 1959.

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• 2. ANTUNES, H. (filho). Sementes moca e concha no café Mundo Novo. Bol. Suptda Serv. Café S. Paulo 28:8-16. 1953.
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• 7. ______A evolução do café em Java. ii. Fazenda 43:32-35. 1948.
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• 9. KRUG, C. A. Hybridization in Coffee. J. Hered. 26:325-330. 1935.
• 10. ______& COSTA, A. S. Criação de variedades melhoradas de café. Fazenda 42:35, 46-47. 1947.
• 11. MENDES, A. J. T. & BACCHI, OSWALDO. Os grãos moca de café. Bol. Inst. Café. S. Paulo. 15:996-999. 1940.
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• ¹⁴
   ______ A criação de abalhas indígenas sem ferrão (Meliponinae). São Paulo, Editôra Chácaras e Quintais, 1953. 280 p.
• 15. STOFFELS, E. La sélection du caféier arabica a la Station de Mulungu. Bruxelles, I.N.E.A.C., 1936. 41 p. (Série scientifique, Bull. n.° 11)
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• 18. VICENTE, ELIAS. La polinizacion del café, una experiência de hace 20 anos realizada por Cloríto Picado y el Prof, don Elias Vicente. Rev. Inst. Def. Café Costa Rica 17:501-502. 1947.

*

Tôdas as observações sôbre o comportamento das abelhas e sôbre o néctar do cafeeiro foram feitas pelo primeiro dos autores, que agradece ao eng. agr. Jaime Vieira Pinheiro, do Hôrto Florestal da Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, pela sugestão apresentada de se instalar o presente ensaio.

Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  26 Abr 2010
• Data do Fascículo
  1959

Histórico

• Recebido
  28 Abr 1959