| Oliveira, Santos and Linhares2323 Oliveira NC, Santos JL, Linhares MB. Audiovisual distraction for pain relief in paediatric inpatients: a crossover study. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(1):178-87.
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Audiovisual distraction (animated movies) |
Examine the effectiveness of audiovisual distraction for the relief of acute pain in hospitalized pediatric patients. |
Cross-over clinical trial |
A significant difference was found between the periods with and without distraction in both groups, in which the scores on both pain scales were lower during distraction compared to no intervention. |
2 |
| Gupta et al.2424 Gupta HV, Gupta VV, Kaur A, Singla R, Chitkara N, Bajaj KV, et al. Comparison between the analgesic effect of two techniques on the level of pain perception during venipuncture in children up to 7 years of age: A quasi-experimental study. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2014;8(8):1-5.
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Audiovisual distraction |
Evaluate and compare the analgesic effect of a family member holding the child versus a family member holding the child along with an animation distraction intervention on the level of pain perception during venipuncture in children up to seven years old. |
Quasi-experimental study |
The average pain score of the group without intervention was 3.86, while the group with intervention was 2.43. During venipuncture, offering a non-pharmacological intervention such as distraction with animations along with participation of a family member helps the child to manage their pain. |
3 |
| Gedam et al.2525 Gedam DS, Verma M, Patil U, Gedam S. Effect of distraction technique during immunization to reduce behaviour response score (FLACC) to pain in Toddlers. J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013;33(1):25-30.
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Audiovisual distraction |
Evaluate the effectiveness of audiovisual distraction techniques in children during and after vaccination. |
Quasi-experimental study |
The distraction technique with toys that produce light and sound, and cartoon movies are practical interventions that reduce the child’s pain during vaccination. The average pain score of the test group during the procedure (Group-1: 2.30 and Group-2: 3.65) was lower than the score of the control group (Group-3: 5.30). Likewise, after the procedure, the score (Group-1: 4.62 and Group-2: 2.79) was lower than the score of the control group (Group-3: 6.20). |
3 |
| Yildizeli et al.2626 Yildizeli Topcu S, Akgun Kostak M, Semerci R, Guray O. Effect of gum chewing on pain and anxiety in turkish children during intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Nurs. 2020;52:e26-32.
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Chewing gum |
Investigate the effect of chewing gum on pain and anxiety during intravenous cannulation (IV) in children. |
Randomized controlled clinical trial |
The children’s pain levels were significantly lower in the experimental group (average = 1.27 ± 0.96) than in the control group (average = 1.42 ± 0.91, p = 0.040). |
2 |
| Bergomi et al.2727 Bergomi P, Scudeller L, Pintaldi S, Dal Molin A. Efficacy of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in children undergoing venipuncture in a pediatric outpatient clinic: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and external cold and vibration. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;42:e66-72.
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Audiovisual distraction and vibration combined with cryotherapeutic topical analgesia |
Evaluate two non-pharmacological techniques for pain and anxiety relief during venipuncture in children: vibration associated with cryotherapeutic topical analgesia using the Buzzy® device and cartoons. |
Randomized clinical trial |
There was a statistically significant difference in the children’s perception of pain in the cartoon group (p=0.02); however, secondary analysis showed that Buzzy® was highly effective in children younger than nine years old (p=0.04). In addition, a significant efficacy was recorded in the Buzzy® and cartoon groups (p=0.04) for the nurse’s perception of the child’s pain, and in the Buzzy® group for the mother’s perception of the child’s pain (p=0.002). |
2 |
| Momenabadi, Radmehr and Sadeghi2828 Momenabadi A, Radmehr M, Sadeghi N. Effect of two methods of acupressure in Hugo Point and music on severity of pain during IV insertion in children. Pakistan J Med Heal Sci. 2020;14(2):697-700.
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Distraction with music and massage |
Investigate the effects of distraction technique with music and Hugo Point massage (compressive effect on the back of the hand, between the first and second metacarpal bone, next to the base of the second metacarpal) in pain relief during insertion of intravenous access in children. |
Semiexperimental study |
The Hugo Point massage and musical distraction proved effective in reducing pain intensity during IV access insertion in children. The average pain score in the music group was 5.50±1.55, the Hugo point acupressure was 5.50±1.57 and the control was 7.57±1.45 |
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