Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on psychological aspects and bruxism in the Brazilian population: observational study

Laura Pereira Generoso

Federal University of Alfenas, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute of Motricity Sciences, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.

Guilherme Prevelato Oliveira

Federal University of Alfenas, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute of Motricity Sciences, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.

Lais Leite Ferreira

Federal University of Alfenas, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute of Motricity Sciences, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.

Luci Mara França Correia

Neurological Institute of Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

Josie Resende Torres da Silva

Federal University of Alfenas, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute of Motricity Sciences, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.

Marcelo Lourenço da Silva Correspondence to: Marcelo Lourenço da Silva E-mail: lourencoms@uol.com.br

Federal University of Alfenas, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute of Motricity Sciences, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.

Correspondence to: Marcelo Lourenço da Silva E-mail: lourencoms@uol.com.br

Conflict of interests: none - Sponsoring sources: This work was supported by the Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG (Extension Program EDUCADOR Fellowship, Laura Pereira Generoso). The study was funded in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES Fellowship, Lais Leite Ferreira) - Finance Code 001.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Laura Pereira Generoso

Conceptualization, Project Management, Research, Writing -Preparation of the original

Guilherme Prevelato Oliveira

Data Collection, Conceptualization, Research, Methodology, Writing - Preparation of the original, Writing - Review and Editing

Lais Leite Ferreira

Resource Management, Project Management, Research

Luci Mara França Correia

Conceptualization, Project Management, Research, Writing -Preparation of the original, Writing - Review and Editing

Josie Resende Torres da Silva

Project Management, Methodology, Writing - Preparation of the original, Supervision

Marcelo Lourenço da Silva

Funding Acquisition, Resource Management, Project Management, Research, Methodology, Writing - Preparation of the original, Writing - Review and Editing, Software, Supervision

Characteristics	n (%)
Total sample	1476 (100)
Gender, n (%)
Male	846 (57.32)
Female	630 (42.68)
Age group (years), n (%)
18–24	633 (42.90)
25–34	211 (14.30)
35–44	422 (28.60)
45–54	90 (6.12)
55–64	78 (5.28)
65 or more	41 (2.80)
Race, n (%)
White	792 (50.66)
Brown	466 (30.22)
Black	234 (15.85)
Yellow	4 (0.27)
Indigenous	0 (0.00)
Schooling level, n (%)
Less than high school	14 (0.95)
High school	41 (2.78)
Some college	754 (51.08)
Bachelor’s degree or higher	667 (45.19)
Marital status, n (%)
Never married	805 (54.54)
Married	364 (24.66)
Divorced	29 (1.96)
Living with partner	278 (18.83)
Household income level, n (%)
Less than R$999	574 (38.89)
R$1000 to R$1999	265 (17.95)
R$2000 to R$4999	459 (31.10)
R$5000 or more	178 (12.06)
Region, n (%)
Southeast	893 (60.50)
North	12 (0.81)
Northeast	38 (2.57)
South	352 (23.85)
Midwest	181 (12.26)
Employment status, n (%)
Working - as a paid employee	289 (19.58)
Working - self-employed	269 (18.22)
Not working - on temporary layoff	437 (29.61)
Not working - retired	121 (8.20)
Not working - disabled	21 (1.42)
Not working - student	339 (22.97)
Internet access, n (%)
Yes	1476 (100)
No	0 (0.00)
Metropolitan area, n (%)
Non-metropolitan	788 (53.39)
Metropolitan	682 (46.21)
Rural area	6 (0.41)

Characteristics	Groups
	Number of participants	Percent of total
	1476	100
Daytime clenching
Yes	1265	85.70
No	211	14.30
Daytime grinding
Yes	843	57.11
No	633	42.89
Daytime clenching and grinding
Yes	1054	71.41
No	422	28.59
Making sounds of clenching or grating teeth while sleeping, noticed by a sleeping partner
Yes	812	55.01
No	664	44.99
Fatigue in jaw muscles in the morning
Yes	1476	100
No	0	0
Headache, shoulder, neck and facial pain frequently
Yes	1476	100
No	0	0
Clicking sound or grating sensation when opening mouth or chewing
Yes	1266	85.77
No	210	14.23
Discomfort in jaw in the morning
Yes	1160	78.59
No	316	21.41
History of tooth fractures/restoration
Yes	843	57.11
No	633	42.89
Self-perception of tooth wear
Yes	519	35.16
No	957	64.84
Jaw fatigue when chewing
Yes	422	28.59
No	1,054	64.84
Ear or behind ear pain
Yes	933	63.21
No	543	36.79
Locked jaw in the morning or during sleep
Yes	211	14.30
No	1265	85.70
Negative self-perception of oral symptoms during the last month
Yes	1128	76.42
No	348	23.58
Feeling nervous or ‘’stressed’’
Yes	1476	100
No	0	0
Which of the conditions described did you notice that began in the current period of social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
Fatigue or pain in the muscles of the face upon awakening	289	19.58
Muscle fatigue and discomfort in teeth upon awakening	318	21.54
Which of the conditions described did you notice that got worse in the current period of social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
Muscle fatigue and muscle pain	326	16.38
Headache, neck, shoulder or facial pain regularly	532	26.73
All symptoms mentioned	1132	56.88

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Amplitude	SD	CV (%)
Physical	8.57	15.43	11.97	6.86	1.47	12.29
Psychological	6.67	17.33	9.87	10.67	2.50	25.36
Social	4.00	20.00	11.70	16.00	4.74	40.53
Environmental	4.00	20.00	14.73	16.00	3.92	26.58
Overall score	4.00	20.00	13.79	16.00	3.72	27.00

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Amplitude	SD	CV (%)
Self-compassion^a	12.45	18.00	14.71	5.55	1.91	12.99
Self-kindness	1.00	5.00	2.53	4.00	1.32	52.03
Self-judgment	1.00	5.00	3.61	4.00	1.31	36.20
Common humanity	1.00	5.00	2.82	4.00	1.30	46.17
Isolation	1.00	5.00	3.81	4.00	1.32	34.73
Mindfulness	1.00	5.00	2.79	4.00	1.25	44.63
Over-identification	1.00	5.00	4.00	4.00	1.19	29.75

Brazil