Pain and sleeping problems in the elderly

Alves, Élen dos Santos; Oliveira, Nathalia Alves de; Terassi, Mariélli; Luchesi, Bruna Moretti; Pavarini, Sofia Cristina Iost; Inouye, Keika

doi:10.5935/2595-0118.20190039

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • BrJP 2 (3) • Jul-Sep 2019 • https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.20190039 copy

Pain and sleeping problems in the elderly

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Brazil is going through changes in the sociodemographic profile leading to changes in epidemiological profile and population aging. Considering the increase of the elderly population with chronic noncommunicable disease, and the identification of chronic pain as a public health problem and its persistence associated with the worsening of the quality of sleep, the objective of this study was to identify the association between self-reported sleeping problems and the intensity of chronic pain.

METHODS:

A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted with 187 elderly people living in one of the Family Health Unit areas of the municipality and over 60 years old. A sociodemographic characterization instrument was used with one guiding question about sleeping problems (self-reported) and the Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale.

RESULTS:

Pain was described as moderate and intense, with a higher prevalence in the lumbar, iliac and knee regions, being significantly more intense (p=0.028) in the group of elderly people who have sleeping problems.

CONCLUSION:

The analyzes allowed to observe an association between sleeping problems and the intensity of chronic pain.

Keywords:
Adaptation disorders; Elderly people; Pain; Sleep

Variables	No sleeping difficulty (GB)		With sleeping difficulty (GA)		Both groups		Comparative analysis
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ2^* * Chi-square;	gl	p-value^* * Chi-square;
Gender							2.254	1	0.133 ^ns ns Not significant.
Female	63	75.5	16	15.4	151	80.7
Male	20	24.1	88	84.6	36	19.3
Marital status							1.669	3	0.644 ^ns ns Not significant.
With partner	73	88	93	89.4	166	88.8
Single	5	6	4	3.8	9	4.8
Separated	3	3.6	2	1.9	5	2.7
Widow/widower	2	2.4	5	4.8	7	3.7
Education Level							6.601	6	0.359 ^ns ns Not significant.
Never attended school.	13	15.7	22	21.2	35	18.7
Literacy course	2	2.4	5	4.8	7	3.7
Primary scholl	50	60.2	59	56.7	109	58.3
Basic education	10	12	5	4.8	15	8
Technical/classic High school	5	6	10	9.6	15	8
Higher education	3	3.6	2	1.9	5	2.7
Post-graduation	0	0	1	1	1	0.5
Religion							11.187	6	0.083 ^ns ns Not significant.
Catholic (a)	54	65.1	60	57.7	114	61
Evangelical (a)	21	25.3	30	28.8	51	27.3
Christian Congregation	5	6	3	2.9	8	4.3
Adventist	1	1.2	3	2.9	4	2.1
Spiritist	0	0	7	6.5	7	3.7
Umbandist	0	0	1	1	1	0.5
Does not have	2	2.4	0	0	2	1.1
Ethnic group							3.283	3	0.350 ^ns ns Not significant.
White	58	69.9	73	70.2	131	70.1
Black	5	6	12	11.5	17	9.1
Brown	19	22.9	19	18.3	38	20.3
Indigenous	1	1.2	0	0	1	0.5
Yellow/Asiatic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sufficient income							1.359	2	0.507 ^ns ns Not significant.
No	47	56.6	62	59.6	109	58.3
Yes	35	42.2	42	40.4	77	41.2
Did not answer	1	1.2	0	0	1	0.5
Total	83	100	104	100	187	100

Variables	No sleeping difficulty (GB)	With sleeping difficulty (GA)	Both groups	U^* * Mann-Whitney	p-value^* * Mann-Whitney
Age (years)				3678.00	0.082^ns ns Not significant.
Mean	68,13	69.60	68.95
Median	67.00	68.00	97.00
Standard deviation	7.04	7.06	7.07
Minimum	60	60	60
Maximum	95	91	95
Educational level (years)				3837.00	0.183^ns ns Not significant.
Mean	4.41	3.92	4.14
Median	4.00	4.00	4.00
Standard deviation	3.68	3.58	3.62
Minimum	0.00	0.00	0.00
Maximum	17.00	15.00	17.00
Seniors' income (Reais)				3762.00	0.235 ^ns ns Not significant.
Mean	815.29	710.33	756.53
Median	724.00	724.00	724.00
Standard deviation	949.57	777.66	856.73
Minimum	0.00	0.00	0.00
Maximum	6,500	4,500	6,500
Household income (Reais)				3641.00	0.384 ^ns ns Not significant.
Mean	2293.32	2265.20	2277.45
Median	1980.00	1604.00	1848.00
Standard deviation	1249.66	1576.682	1439.55
Minimum	724.00	724.00	724.00
Maximum	6,500	10000.00	10000.00

Variables	No sleeping difficulty (GB)		With sleeping difficulty (GA)		Both groups		Comparative analysis
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ2^* ***** Linear-by-Linear Association;	gl	p-value^* ***** Linear-by-Linear Association;
Classification of pain							6.508	1	0.011^ Significant;
None (0)
0	4	4.8	1	1.0	5	2.7
Light (1 to 3)
1	4	4.8	0	0	4	2.1
2	1	1.2	1	1.0	2	1.1
3	3	3.6	6	5.8	9	4.8
Moderate (4 to 6)
4	7	8.4	4	3.8	11	5.9
5	18	21.7	25	24.0	43	23.0
6	12	14.5	7	6.7	19	10.2
Intense (7 to 9)
7	6	7.2	13	12.5	19	10.2
8	16	19.3	23	22.1	39	20.9
9	5	6.0	9	8.7	14	7.5
Unbeatable (10)
10	7	8.4	15	14.4	22	11.8
Total	83	100	104	100	187	100
Pain descriptors	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ2^* * Chi-square;	gl	p-value^* * Chi-square;
Depressing							9.060	1	0.003^ Significant;
Yes	36	43.4	68	65.4	104	55.6
No	47	56.6	36	34.6	83	44.4
Persistent							4.378	1	0.036^ Significant;
Yes	55	66.3	83	79.8	138	73.8
No	28	33.7	21	20.2	49	26.2
Distressing							0.959	1	0.328 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	46	55.4	65	62.5	111	59.4
No	37	44.6	39	37.5	76	40.6
Disastrous							0.002	1	0.963 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	29	34.9	36	34.6	65	34.8
No	54	65.1	68	65.4	122	65.2
Harmful							0.309	1	0.578 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	51	61.4	68	65.4	119	63.6
No	32	38.6	36	34.6	68	36.4
Painful							2.170	1	0.141 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	69	83.1	94	90.4	163	87.2
No	14	16.9	10	9.6	24	12.8
Unbearable							2.763	1	0.096 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	41	49.4	64	61.5	105	56.1
No	42	50.6	40	38.5	82	43.9
Frightening							0.541	1	0.462 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	23	27.7	34	32.7	57	30.5
No	60	72.3	70	67.3	130	69.5
Cruel							1.517	1	0.218 ^ns ns Not significant.
Yes	34	41	52	50	86	46
No	49	59	52	50	101	54
Uncomfortable							4.484	1	0.034^ Significant;
Yes	73	88	100	96.2	173	92.5
No	10	12	4	3.8	14	7.5
Total	83	100	104	100	187	100

		No sleeping difficulty (GB)	With sleeping difficulty (GA)	Both groups	U^* * Mann-Whitney;	P-value
Intensity of pain					3516.50	0.028^ Significant.
	Mean	5.90	6.82	6.41
	Median	6.0	7.0	7.00
	Standard deviation	2.61	2.21	2.43
	Minimum	0	0	0
	Maximum	10	10	10

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[1] Correspondence to: Rodovia Washington Luís s/n, km 235 - Caixa Postal 676 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil. E-mail: elendutra23@gmail.com