Hussain and Said66 Hussain N, Said A. Mindfulness-based meditation versus progressive relaxation meditation: impact on chronic pain in older female patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2019;24:2515690X19876599.
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Women with diabetic neuropathy, Age > 55 years. n=105 |
MM; PM; MC. |
Control interval: 4, 8 and 12 weeks with the following scales: BPI-DPN Q4 and PGIC. |
The MM and PM groups obtained a significant reduction (p<0.05) in mean daily pain compared to baseline. The MC group did not show a reduction (p>0.05) in scores and did not show a significant change in PGIC. |
Garland et al.1010 Garland EL, Bryan MA, Priddy SE, Riquino MR, Froeliger B, Howard MO. Effects of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement versus social support on negative affective interference during inhibitory control among opioid-treated chronic pain patients: a pilot mechanistic study. Ann Behav Med. 2019;53(10):865-76.
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Patients with chronic pain, taking opioids daily. Mean age 47 years. n=57 |
MM; PM; MC. |
Control interval: 1st and 10th weeks with Go/NoGo test, assessed with FFFMQ and BPI-SF. |
A longer time practicing MORE predicted improvements in NoGo accuracy in tests with pain-related distractors (p=0.03). |
Seng et al.1313 Seng EK, Singer AB, Metts C, Grinberg AS, Patel ZS, Marzouk M, Rosenberg L, Day M, Minen MT, Lipton RB, Buse DC. Does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for migraine reduce migraine-related disability in people with episodic and chronic migraine? a phase 2b pilot randomized clinical trial. Headache. 2019;59(9):1448-67.
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Patients with migraine. Mean age: 40 years. n=60 |
MBCT; WL/ TAU. |
Control: 30-day pain record using the HDI and MIDAS scales. |
MBCT intervention patients: the effect of severe pain decreased on the MIDAS scale from 88.3% at the start to 66.7% (p<0.001). |
Day et al.99 Day MA, Ward LC, Ehde DM, Thorn BE, Burns J, Barnier A, Mattingley JB, Jensen MP. A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing mindfulness meditation, cognitive therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain Med. 2019;20(11):2134-48.
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Patients with chronic low back pain. Age > 18 years. n= 69 |
MM; MBCT; BT. |
Control interval: 1st day, 3 and 6 months, assessing their impact with the PCS, CPAQ, PROMIS Depression Scale and FFMQ. |
Patients reported improvement in pain interference and pain intensity, respectively: in the MM group by 31% and 44%; in the BT group by 42% and 32%; and in the MBCT group by 45% for both parameters. |
Seminowicz et al.2323 Seminowicz DA, Burrowes S, Kearson A, Zhang J, Krimmel SR, Samawi L, Furman AJ, Keaser ML, Gould NF, Magyari T, White L, Goloubeva O, Goyal M, Peterlin BL, Haythornthwaite JA. Enhanced mindfulness-based stress reduction in episodic migraine: a randomized clinical trial with magnetic resonance imaging outcomes. Pain. 2020;161(8):1837-46.
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Patients with migraine. Age: 18-65 years. n=98 |
MBSR +. |
Control: 8 weeks, then fortnightly for a further 8 weeks, comparing MBSR+ with SMH and HIT-6. |
There was a 50% reduction in headache days in the MBSR+ intervention (p=0.0008), compared to 23% in the SMH group (p=0.04). Both groups showed neurophysiological changes (p<0.05). |
Brintz et al.88 Brintz CE, Roth I, Faurot K, Rao S, Gaylord SA. Feasibility and acceptability of an abbreviated, four-week mindfulness program for chronic pain management. Pain Med. 2020;21(11):2799-810.
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Patients with chronic pain. Age > 18 years. n=23 |
MBSR +. |
Control interval: 1st and 5th weeks, with the CPAQ, PCS and PSS-4. |
After the intervention, there was a decrease in pain intensity (p=0.05) and interference (p=0.017), in depression (p=0.005), in sleep disturbances (p=0.001), an increase in positive affect (p=0.016) and an increase in pain acceptance (p<0.001). |
Ball et al.1212 Ball E, Newton S, Rohricht F, Steed L, Birch J, Dodds J, Calvete CC, Taylor S, Rivas C. mHealth: providing a mindfulness app for women with chronic pelvic pain in gynaecology outpatient clinics: qualitative data analysis of user experience and lessons learnt. BMJ Open. 2020;10.
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Women with chronic pelvic pain. Average age: 35. n=90 |
MM via the Headspace app. |
Control interval: 1st and 61st weeks, collecting the patients’ individual feedback on the use of the app using the NPT tool. |
Of the patients who used the app, 77% said they relaxed, de-stressed, concentrated and re-evaluated their lives. However, it was not possible to accurately assess the impact on pain due to the limited use of the app. MM must be individualized to be effective. |
Brintz et al.2121 Brintz CE, Miller S, Olmsted KR, Bartoszek M, Cartwright J, Kizakevich PN, Butler M, Asefnia N, Buben A, Gaylord SA. Adapting mindfulness training for military service members with chronic pain. Mil Med. 2020;185(3-4):385-93.
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Active-duty soldiers who are currently being treated for chronic pain. Age >18. n=
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MM via the Mind- fulness Training for Pain app |
Control interval: daily for 8 weeks, MM was assessed with individual feedback after each session using the Depression Scale, Health Survey 12 and Medicalo tools. |
MM was recommended by the Pain Management Task Force as a first-line treatment and the app made it possible to reach a greater number of soldiers simultaneously, as it was available online. |
Pardos-Gascón et al.44 Pardos-Gascón EM, Narambuena L, Leal-Costa C, Ramos-Morcillo AJ, Ruzafa-Martínez M, van-der Hofstadt Román CJ. Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic pain: a multicenter study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6951.
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Patients with chronic pain. Age: 32-79 years. n=57 |
MBCT. |
Control interval: 1st and 10th weeks with T-Test, a Visual Analogue Scale, Hospital Anxiety Outcomes Study Sleep Scale, CPSS, CPAQ e Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. |
With the application of Mindfulness there was an improvement in pain intensity (p=0.004), mental quality of life (p=0.005) and depression (p=0.003), as well as self-efficacy in symptom control, pain and a significant effect after therapy on sleep disturbances (p<0.05). |
Hanley, Gililland and Garland1111 Hanley AW, Gililland J, Garland ER. To be mindful of the breath or pain: comparing two brief preoperative mindfulness techniques for total joint arthroplasty patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2022;90(7):1182-94.
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Patients with chro- nic orthopedic pain refractory to other non-operative treatments. Average age: 65. n=118 |
PM, BM, CPPI. |
Control interval: days 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 after arthroplasty, comparing the PM, BM and CPPI groups, assessing pain intensity (0-10) and acceptability (0-10) and opioid use (question: “Have you used opioids drugs in the last 24 hours?”). |
The intervention may be able to prevent post-operative pain, reduce pain interference and opioid use. After surgery, patients in the PM group reported lower pain intensity (p=0.026) and lower pain interference (p<0.001). |