Abstract
This study evaluated dry matter yield and nutritional characteristics of different oat genotypes (Avena spp.) for ensiling. Treatments consisted of genotypes of white oat IPR 126 (Avena sativa), black oat Cabocla IPR and Agrocoxilha (Avena strigosa), and BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). Oats were harvested at the phenological stage of milk/dough grain. The design was a completely randomized block scheme, with five treatments and three replications per treatment. The IPR Cabocla genotype showed the highest dry matter content (before and after silo opening) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of fresh forage. No differences were observed for in vitro dry matter digestibility and dry matter losses among silages. The highest silage digestible dry matter yield (kg ha-1) was observed for the BRS Centauro genotype. Thus, despite the better nutritional quality presented by the IPR Cabocla genotype before ensiling, BRS Centauro genotype presented a higher yield of digestible dry matter per hectare.
Keywords:
winter crop; ensiling; in vitro dry matter digestibility; dry matter losses
Resumo
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas e nutricionais de diferentes cultivares de aveia (Avena spp.),visando à produção de silagem. Os tratamentos foram constituídos dos cultivares de aveia branca IPR 126 (Avena sativa), Agrocoxilha, e IPR Cabocla (Avena strigosa), bem como das cultivares BRS Madrugada e BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). As forragens foram colhidas e ensiladas quando atingiram o estádio fenológico de grão pastoso/farináceo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições por tratamento. O cultivar Cabocla apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca (antes e após a abertura dos silos) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca no momento de ensilagem. Após a ensilagem não foram observadas diferenças para a digestibilidade in vitro e perdas de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. Contudo, após correção dos respectivos valores para perdas de matéria seca na ensilagem e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, observou-se maior produção de matéria seca digestível (kg ha-1) para o cultivar Centauro.
Palavras-chave:
cereal de inverno; ensilagem; digestibilidade in vitro; perdas de matéria seca
Introduction
The seasonality of pasture production in Brazil is related mainly to climate factors and species used for foraging, leading to a higher forage yield during the summer season. Thus, the nutritional supplementation of cattle is necessary to preserve the performance levels throughout the year(11 Jobim CC, Pereira JRA, Santos GT. Sistemas de produção de leite com ênfase na utilização de volumosos conservados. In: Reis RA, Siqueira GR, Bertipaglia LMA. (Eds.) Volumosos na produção de ruminantes. Jaboticabal: Funep; 2005. p.61-82. (Portuguese language)). In addition, many farmers have adopted more intensified productive systems, increasing the need for feed in terms of quantity and quality. In this sense, ensiling becomes an interesting alternative to store feed and maintain its quality. Regardless of the availability of conventional crops for ensiling (e.g., corn, sorghum, and sugar cane), the interest for ensiling winter crops has been increasing. This strategy avoids direct competition for an area with other higher value-added crops, such as soybean or corn, as well as allows using usually idle areas during the winter in Brazil. However, high availability of annual winter crop species (e.g., oat, ryegrass, wheat, and triticale), along with low amount of information about ensiling these crops, makes it difficult to adopt this strategy.
Oat (Avena spp.) is one of the most cultivated temperate grass for forage production in Brazil. White oat (Avena sativa) has a good dry matter yield, with high leaf participation in forage mass, as well as great grain production, characteristics of interest for ensiling(22 Meinerz GR, Olivo CJ, Viégas J, Nörnberg JL, Agnolin CA, Scheibler RB, Horst T, Fontaneli RS. Silagem de cereais de inverno submetidos ao manejo de duplo propósito. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2011; 40(10):2097-2104. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011001000005. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
). Black oat (Avena strigosa) presents a high tillering capacity, high production of dry matter(33 David DBD, Nörnberg JL, Azevedo EBD, Brüning G, Kessler JD, Skonieski FR. Nutritional value of black and white oat cultivars ensiled in two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2010; 39:p.1409-1417. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010000700003. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
,44 Carvalho PCF, Santos DD, Gonçalves EN, Moraes AD, Nabinger C. Forrageiras de Clima Temperado. In: D. M. Da Fonseca e J. Z. Marstucello (Ed.). Plantas Forrageiras. Viçosa: Editora UFV, 2013, Cap.15, p.494-537. (Portuguese language)), and resistance to periods of low rainfall and pests. In addition, black oat nutritional quality is satisfactory in relation to animal requirements(55 Wallsten J, Nadeau E, Bertilsson J, Martinsson K. Voluntary intake and diet selection by dairy heifers fed ensiled whole-crop barley and oats harvested at different stages of maturity. Livestock Science. 2008; 122(1):94-98. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.07.031. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.07...
,66 Paris W, Zamarchi G, Pavinato PS, Martin TN. Qualidade da silagem de aveia preta sob efeito de estádios fenológicos, tamanhos de partícula e pré-murchamento. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal. 2015; 16(3):486-498. doi: 0.1590/S1519-99402015000300002. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/0.1590/S1519-99402015000...
). In this way, the interest in ensiling winter crops has grown recently, leading to investments in research to obtain new genotypes, with high dry matter yield and adaptation to cultivation under Brazilian conditions. Currently, several oat cultivars have been available to farmers for cultivation, which determines the need for studies for silage production. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics related to forage production and nutritional quality of different oat cultivars aiming ensiling.
Material and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Iguatemi (23°25′ S and 51°57′ W) of the State University of Maringá-PR (UEM). Laboratory analyses were performed at the Laboratory of Feed Analysis and Animal Nutrition in the Department of Animal Science of the UEM. Treatments consisted of genotypes of white oat IPR 126 (Avena sativa), black oat (Avena strigosa) Cabocla IPR and Agrocoxilha, and BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). Planting was performed in May 2014. Soil is classified as a sandy textured Red Latosol(77 dos Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, dos Anjos LHC, de Oliveira VA, Lumbreras JF, Coelho MR, de Almeida JA, de Araujo Filho JC, de Oliveira JB, Cunha TJF. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos 2ª ed. Embrapa Solos-Livros técnicos (INFOTECA-E); 2006. (Portuguese language)). Pre-sowing fertilization was equivalent to 180 kg ha−1 of the NPK formula 12-17-17 (N, P2O5, K2O), as recommended by CQFS RS/SC(88 Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo (CQFS RS/SC). Manual de adubação e calagem para os Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. 10ª ed. Porto Alegre, SBCS - Núcleo Regional Sul/UFRGS; 2004. 400p. (Portuguese language)). For each genotype, three plots of seven m2 (1.4 x 5.0 m) were planted with a row spacing of 20 cm. Sowing density for all crops was equivalent to 80 kg of seeds ha-1. Nitrogen fertilization was performed in a single application of urea equivalent to 100 kg of N ha-1 at 21 days after plant emergence. Crops were manually harvested at the grain milk/dough stage. Due to differences in the forage development cycle, harvesting occurred from September to October 2014. To calculate forage yield (kg ha-1) within each plot, 10 samples of 1 linear meter were collected using a graded ruler. All forage collected was weighed, and an aliquot (400 g) was taken for dry matter determination in a forced ventilation oven (55 °C for 72 hours) and stored for further analysis.
For ensiling, harvested forages were processed in a stationary chopper with a theoretical particle size of 20 mm. Three experimental silos (vacuum bag; 500 g each) were produced from each plot using a vacuum sealing machine (TecMaq® TM250). Experimental silos were stored out of direct light exposition at room temperature for 120 days. Before opening, the silos were weighed for dry matter loss estimation, as described by Jobim et al.(99 Jobim CC, Nussio LG, Reis RA, Schmidt P. Avanços metodológicos na avaliação da qualidade da forragem conservada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2007; 36(1):101-119. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982007001000013. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200700...
). In addition, representative silage samples were collected for pH(1010 Silva DJ, Queiroz AC. Análise de alimentos, métodos químicos e biológicos. 3.ed.Viçosa: UFV; 2009. 235p. (Portuguese language)) and dry matter (DM) measurements (55 °C for 72 h). Dried samples (from crops and silages) were ground in a Willey mill (1-mm sieve) for laboratory analyses. Processed samples (crops and silages) were subjected to the following analysis: moisture (105 °C)(1111 Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official methods of analysis. 16.ed. Washington, DC; 1990. 1422p.) (method 967.03); ash(1111 Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official methods of analysis. 16.ed. Washington, DC; 1990. 1422p.) (AOAC method 942.05); crude protein(1111 Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official methods of analysis. 16.ed. Washington, DC; 1990. 1422p.) (CP, AOAC method 990.03); neutral detergent fiber (NDF)(1212 Van Soest, PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 1991; 74(10):3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(9...
) and acid detergent fiber (ADF)(1313 Van Soest, PJ. (1967). Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages. Journal of animal Science. 1967; 26(1):119-128. doi: 10.2527/jas1967.261119x
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1967.261119x...
) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), according to Holden(1414 Holden L. Comparison of methods of in vitro dry matter digestibility for ten feeds. Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 82(8):1791-1794. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001100007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
). In order to calculate forage digestible DM yield before ensiling (FDY), crop DM yield was multiplied by the in vitro DM digestibility for each genotype: FDY (kg ha-1) = Forage DM yield × IVDMD. Regarding silage digestible DM yield (SDY), dry matter losses were considered for each treatment: SDY (kg ha-1) = [Forage DM yield - (Forage DM yield × Silage DM losses)] × IVDMD of silage. The experimental design was totally randomized blocks with five treatments and three replications. All data were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey’s test at 5% significance level by the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical program(1515 Sas Institute. SAS / STAT user's guide: Statistics, version 6. 4.ed. North Caroline, 1993. v.2. Total de p.943.).
Results
The pH values in silages were influenced by DM content at harvesting. The highest pH value was observed in IPR Cabocla silage (black oat), differing only from the pH observed in the Madrugada genotype silage (Figure 1). No differences were observed regarding DM loss in the silages.
Dry matter losses during storage (SEM =1.02) and pH at opened silos (SEM = 0.082). Means identified by distinct letters are different by Tukey's test 5%.
Crops and silages presented different DM contents, ranging from 41.04% to 57.28%, besides of the same developmental stage at harvesting (milky/dough grain) (Table 1). The IPR Cabocla presented the highest DM value for both crop and silage (p <0.05).
Regarding the chemical composition of crops, the Centauro genotype had the lowest ash content (p<0.05). The lowest NDF values were found in BRS Madrugada, IPR Cabocla, and Agrocoxilha genotypes, whereas BRS Madrugada, IPR Cabocla, and BRS Centauro genotypes had the lowest values of ADF content. At harvest, forages did not present significant differences regarding CP content. Silages from IPR Cabocla presented the higher ash content, followed by the IPR 126 genotype. The silage from Agrocoxilha genotype had the highest NDF value, whereas the highest ADF content was found for IPR Cabocla. The CP values changed due to ensiling and silages from IPR Cabocla and IPR 126 genotypes presented the lowest CP values.
In vitro DM digestibility was different among forages before ensiling. As observed in Figure 2, IPR Cabocla presented higher in vitro DM digestibility (p <0.05). However, after ensiling, this difference was suppressed.
In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of oat genotypes before ensiling (SEM = 1.04) and respective silages (SEM = 1.34). Means identified by distinct letters are different by Tukey's test 5%.
The DM yield before ensiling (total DM and digestible DM) was distinct among crops, and the black oat BRS Centauro had the highest yield (Figure 3). The genotypes Cabocla and Madrugada presented intermediate yields (6997 kg ha-1 on average), but higher than that of Agrocoxilha and IPR 126 (5215 kg ha-1 on average). Regarding silage digestible DM yield, the Centauro genotype remained as the most productive forage.
Total dry matter yield (SEM = 1168.8) and digestible dry matter yield of oat genotypes before ensiling (SEM = 749.4) and the respective silage, corrected for DM losses during storage (SEM = 614.0). Means identified by distinct letters are different by Tukey's test 5%.
Discussion
Forage DM content is strictly related to its development stage, normally increasing over time due to the accumulation of lignified tissues and senescent structures, as well as due to the synthesis of starch in grains(33 David DBD, Nörnberg JL, Azevedo EBD, Brüning G, Kessler JD, Skonieski FR. Nutritional value of black and white oat cultivars ensiled in two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2010; 39:p.1409-1417. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010000700003. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
,1616 Khorasani GR, Jedel PE, Helm JH, Kennelly JJ. Influence of stage of maturity on yield components and chemical composition of cereal grain silages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 1997; 77(2):259-267. doi: 10.4141/A96-034.
https://doi.org/10.4141/A96-034...
,1717 Queiroz Filho JD, Silva DD, Nascimento ID. Produção de matéria seca e qualidade do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) cultivar Roxo em diferentes idades de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2000; 29(1):69-74. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982000000100010. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200000...
).
Temperate grasses in general present high buffer capacity(22 Meinerz GR, Olivo CJ, Viégas J, Nörnberg JL, Agnolin CA, Scheibler RB, Horst T, Fontaneli RS. Silagem de cereais de inverno submetidos ao manejo de duplo propósito. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2011; 40(10):2097-2104. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011001000005. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
,66 Paris W, Zamarchi G, Pavinato PS, Martin TN. Qualidade da silagem de aveia preta sob efeito de estádios fenológicos, tamanhos de partícula e pré-murchamento. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal. 2015; 16(3):486-498. doi: 0.1590/S1519-99402015000300002. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/0.1590/S1519-99402015000...
) and low soluble sugar content(33 David DBD, Nörnberg JL, Azevedo EBD, Brüning G, Kessler JD, Skonieski FR. Nutritional value of black and white oat cultivars ensiled in two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2010; 39:p.1409-1417. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010000700003. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
,1818 Floss EL, Boin C, Palhano AL, Soares Filho CV, Premazzi LM. Efeito do estádio de maturação sobre o rendimento e valor nutritivo da aveia branca no momento da ensilagem. Boletim de Indústria Animal. 2003; 60(2):117-126. 2003. Disponível em: http://revistas.bvs-vet.org.br/bia/article/view/8723. (Portuguese language)
http://revistas.bvs-vet.org.br/bia/artic...
), increasing the risk of spoilage during fermentation. In this way, DM content at ensiling must range between 30 and 40% to reduce DM losses. Moreover, the adequate DM content associated with a pH below 5 increase conservation efficiency. Thus, the average DM content observed in this trial (above 40%), combined with the low pH (average of 4.39), effectively contributed to silage conservation. The DM losses in this study (average of 9.53%) were lower than that observed by Oliveira et al.(1919 Oliveira MR, Jobim CC, Neumann M, Bueno AVI, Leão GFM, Daniel, JLP. Effects of inoculation with homolactic bacteria on the conservation of wheat silage stored in bunker-silos. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 17(1):81-86. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.13456. (Portuguese language)
https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.13...
) evaluating wheat silage with a similar DM content, as observed in this trial.
Ash constituents are not consumed during fermentation, but the consumption of soluble nutrients usually leads to an increase in ash content (dilution effect)(2020 Weinberg ZG, Khanal P, Yildiz C, Chen Y, Arieli A. Effects of stage of maturity at harvest, wilting and LAB inoculants on the aerobic stability wheat silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2010; 158(1-2):29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.201...
). Similar behavior is expected for fibrous compounds since microorganisms in the silage lack enzymes necessary to metabolize plant cell wall constituents(2121 Pahlow G, Muck RE, Driehuis F, Elferink SJWHO, Spoelstra SF. Microbiology of ensiling. In: Buxton, DR, et al. (Eds.). Silage science and technology. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy; 2003. p.31-93.). On the other hand, a reduction in NDF content may be linked to hemicellulose hydrolysis in acidic media(2222 Dewar WA, McDonald P, Whittenbury R. The hydrolysis of grass hemicelluloses during ensilage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1963; 14(6):411-417. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740140610.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740140610...
).
The ADF concentration is negatively related to forage digestibility(2323 Van Soest PJ. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2.ed. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1994. 476p.) and observed in IVDMD of IPR Cabocla genotype (low ADF and high IVDMD). However, ensiling equalized forage digestibility, probably due to the oxidation of soluble compounds(2424 McDonald P, Henderson AR, Heron SJE. The biochemistry of silage. 2a ed. Kingston: Chalcombe Publications; 1991. 340p.). The CP is one of the most expensive nutrients in ruminant diets; thus, the use of temperate grasses in ruminant diets reduces the need for external protein supplementation. Temperate grasses present higher amounts of the Rubisco enzyme (linked to the photosynthetic metabolism C3), enhancing nitrogen content when compared to C4 grasses(2525 Taiz L.; Zeiger E. Plant physiology. New York: Sinauer; 2002. 690p.). The crops evaluated in this study presented satisfactory CP contents when compared to the observed in other studies evaluating oat silage nutritional quality(1515 Sas Institute. SAS / STAT user's guide: Statistics, version 6. 4.ed. North Caroline, 1993. v.2. Total de p.943.,2626 Coan R, Freitas D, Reis R, Rodrigues L. Composição bromatológica das silagens de forrageiras de inverno submetidas ou não ao emurchecimento e ao uso de aditivos. ARS veterinária 2001; 17(1):58-63. Disponível em: http://www.arsveterinaria.org.br/arquivo/2001/v.17,%20n.1,%202001/58-63.pdf. (Portuguese language)
http://www.arsveterinaria.org.br/arquivo...
). The DM yield dictates the amount of roughage available for animal feeding and is directly related to production costs (kg ha-1). However, the ensiling process tends to modify some nutritional characteristics of feed due to the development of microorganisms and soluble substrate consumption. These modifications in composition along with inherent losses should be considered for planning purposes. Thus, an interesting measurement, adopted as a variable in this work, would be evaluating the digestible DM yield (kg ha-1) instead of solely DM yield. As observed in Figure 3, there was a decay in DM yield when considered the IVDMD, as well as DM losses, but it allowed getting a real perception of yield potential for each silage.
Conclusions
Oat cultivars harvested at the milky/dough grain stage presented satisfactory nutritional quality before and after ensiling. No difference regarding in vitro dry matter digestibility and dry matter losses was observed among silages. On the other hand, the digestible dry matter yield was distinct among oat genotypes, being a relevant factor in defining the oat to be ensiled according to productive purposes.
References
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1Jobim CC, Pereira JRA, Santos GT. Sistemas de produção de leite com ênfase na utilização de volumosos conservados. In: Reis RA, Siqueira GR, Bertipaglia LMA. (Eds.) Volumosos na produção de ruminantes. Jaboticabal: Funep; 2005. p.61-82. (Portuguese language)
-
2Meinerz GR, Olivo CJ, Viégas J, Nörnberg JL, Agnolin CA, Scheibler RB, Horst T, Fontaneli RS. Silagem de cereais de inverno submetidos ao manejo de duplo propósito. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2011; 40(10):2097-2104. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011001000005. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001000005 -
3David DBD, Nörnberg JL, Azevedo EBD, Brüning G, Kessler JD, Skonieski FR. Nutritional value of black and white oat cultivars ensiled in two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2010; 39:p.1409-1417. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010000700003. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010000700003 -
4Carvalho PCF, Santos DD, Gonçalves EN, Moraes AD, Nabinger C. Forrageiras de Clima Temperado. In: D. M. Da Fonseca e J. Z. Marstucello (Ed.). Plantas Forrageiras. Viçosa: Editora UFV, 2013, Cap.15, p.494-537. (Portuguese language)
-
5Wallsten J, Nadeau E, Bertilsson J, Martinsson K. Voluntary intake and diet selection by dairy heifers fed ensiled whole-crop barley and oats harvested at different stages of maturity. Livestock Science. 2008; 122(1):94-98. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.07.031. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.07.031 -
6Paris W, Zamarchi G, Pavinato PS, Martin TN. Qualidade da silagem de aveia preta sob efeito de estádios fenológicos, tamanhos de partícula e pré-murchamento. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal. 2015; 16(3):486-498. doi: 0.1590/S1519-99402015000300002. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/0.1590/S1519-99402015000300002 -
7dos Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, dos Anjos LHC, de Oliveira VA, Lumbreras JF, Coelho MR, de Almeida JA, de Araujo Filho JC, de Oliveira JB, Cunha TJF. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos 2ª ed. Embrapa Solos-Livros técnicos (INFOTECA-E); 2006. (Portuguese language)
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8Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo (CQFS RS/SC). Manual de adubação e calagem para os Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. 10ª ed. Porto Alegre, SBCS - Núcleo Regional Sul/UFRGS; 2004. 400p. (Portuguese language)
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9Jobim CC, Nussio LG, Reis RA, Schmidt P. Avanços metodológicos na avaliação da qualidade da forragem conservada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2007; 36(1):101-119. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982007001000013. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007001000013 -
10Silva DJ, Queiroz AC. Análise de alimentos, métodos químicos e biológicos. 3.ed.Viçosa: UFV; 2009. 235p. (Portuguese language)
-
11Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official methods of analysis. 16.ed. Washington, DC; 1990. 1422p.
-
12Van Soest, PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 1991; 74(10):3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
» https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2. -
13Van Soest, PJ. (1967). Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages. Journal of animal Science. 1967; 26(1):119-128. doi: 10.2527/jas1967.261119x
» https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1967.261119x -
14Holden L. Comparison of methods of in vitro dry matter digestibility for ten feeds. Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 82(8):1791-1794. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001100007.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001100007 -
15Sas Institute. SAS / STAT user's guide: Statistics, version 6. 4.ed. North Caroline, 1993. v.2. Total de p.943.
-
16Khorasani GR, Jedel PE, Helm JH, Kennelly JJ. Influence of stage of maturity on yield components and chemical composition of cereal grain silages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 1997; 77(2):259-267. doi: 10.4141/A96-034.
» https://doi.org/10.4141/A96-034 -
17Queiroz Filho JD, Silva DD, Nascimento ID. Produção de matéria seca e qualidade do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) cultivar Roxo em diferentes idades de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2000; 29(1):69-74. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982000000100010. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000100010 -
18Floss EL, Boin C, Palhano AL, Soares Filho CV, Premazzi LM. Efeito do estádio de maturação sobre o rendimento e valor nutritivo da aveia branca no momento da ensilagem. Boletim de Indústria Animal. 2003; 60(2):117-126. 2003. Disponível em: http://revistas.bvs-vet.org.br/bia/article/view/8723 (Portuguese language)
» http://revistas.bvs-vet.org.br/bia/article/view/8723 -
19Oliveira MR, Jobim CC, Neumann M, Bueno AVI, Leão GFM, Daniel, JLP. Effects of inoculation with homolactic bacteria on the conservation of wheat silage stored in bunker-silos. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 17(1):81-86. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.13456. (Portuguese language)
» https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.13456 -
20Weinberg ZG, Khanal P, Yildiz C, Chen Y, Arieli A. Effects of stage of maturity at harvest, wilting and LAB inoculants on the aerobic stability wheat silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2010; 158(1-2):29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.006.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.006 -
21Pahlow G, Muck RE, Driehuis F, Elferink SJWHO, Spoelstra SF. Microbiology of ensiling. In: Buxton, DR, et al. (Eds.). Silage science and technology. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy; 2003. p.31-93.
-
22Dewar WA, McDonald P, Whittenbury R. The hydrolysis of grass hemicelluloses during ensilage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1963; 14(6):411-417. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740140610.
» https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740140610 -
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
19 Aug 2020 -
Date of issue
2020
History
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Received
15 Apr 2019 -
Accepted
06 Sept 2019 -
Published
16 May 2020