Refletindo sobre a conceptualização de ‘significado’ em terapia ocupacional

Kiepek, Niki; Beagan, Brenda; Patten, San; Ausman, Christine

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Reflection Article/Essay • Cad. Bras. Ter. Ocup. 30 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoARF24193156 copiar

Refletindo sobre a conceptualização de ‘significado’ em terapia ocupacional

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Neste ensaio reflexivo, as autoras exploram como o significado é representado na literatura de terapia ocupacional. Uma revisão da literatura em terapia ocupacional e ciência ocupacional revela enquadramentos de significado, significativo e significância que são quase exclusivamente ‘positivos’. Posicionar as ocupações como inerentemente “positivas”, assumindo experiências universais de significados positivos para todos os membros da sociedade, ignora as diversidades individuais e coletivas. Perpetuar os enquadramentos de ocupações como inerente e exclusivamente “positivamente significativas” efetivamente silencia experiências que não estão em conformidade com as suposições e perspectivas dominantes. Aproximar os conceitos de “significado” de forma mais ampla pode permitir que terapeutas ocupacionais e acadêmicos compreendam melhor o que as pessoas fazem e não fazem e o porquê, situando melhor a profissão para promover os objetivos defendidos de equidade, justiça e direitos. Negligenciar entendimentos matizados do que é significativo pode privar exames mais complexos sobre as ocupações, oportunizando que outras disciplinas o façam, minando assim as reivindicações disciplinares de especialização no domínio da ocupação.

Palavras-chave:
Terapia Ocupacional; Formação de Conceito; Justiça Social

Source	Concept	Definition/description
World Federation of Occupational Therapists (2020)World Federation of Occupational Therapists – WFOT. (2020). About occupational therapy. Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://wfot.org/about/about-occupational-therapy https://wfot.org/about/about-occupationa...	Occupation	“the everyday activities that people do as individuals, in families and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life” (p. 2)
World Federation of Occupational Therapists (2019)World Federation of Occupational Therapists – WFOT. (2019). Position statement: occupational therapy and human rights. Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://www.wfot.org/resources/occupational-therapy-and-human-rights https://www.wfot.org/resources/occupatio...	Occupational justice	“the fulfilment of the right for all people to engage in the occupations they need to survive, define as meaningful, and that contribute positively to their own well-being and the wellbeing of their communities” (p. 1)
American Occupational Therapy Association (2020)American Occupational Therapy Association – AIOTA. (2020). Occupational therapy’s distinct value in productive aging. Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://www.aota.org/Practice/Productive-Aging/distinct-value.aspx https://www.aota.org/Practice/Productive...	Occupation	“the meaningful, necessary, and familiar activities of everyday life” (p. 1)
Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (2008)Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists – CAOT. (2008). CAOT position statement: access to occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy Now, 11(1), 20-23. Retrieved in 2022, May 11, from http://www.caot.ca//default.asp?pageid=421. http://www.caot.ca//default.asp?pageid=4...	Occupation	“groups of activities and tasks of everyday life, named, organized, and given value and meaning by individuals and a culture” (p. 24)
Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (2016)Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists – CAOT. (2016). What is Occupational Therapy? Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://caot.ca/site/aboutot/whatisot_test https://caot.ca/site/aboutot/whatisot_te...	Occupational therapy values and beliefs	“Occupation gives meaning to life” (p. 5). “Health has personal dimensions associated with spiritual meaning and satisfaction in occupations…” (p. 8). “Justice concerns are for meaningful choice and social inclusion…” (p. 8)
Journal of Occupational Science (2020)Journal of Occupational Science. (2020). Aims and scope. Retrieved in 2022, May 11, from https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rocc20. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journ...	Occupation	“things people do that have meaning and occupy people’s time, with a particular focus on the reciprocal relationship of occupation and health and well-being” (p. 1)
Occupational Therapy Australia (2020)Occupational Therapy Australia – OTAUS. (2020). About occupational therapy. Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://otaus.com.au/about/about-ot https://otaus.com.au/about/about-ot...	Occupation	“all the everyday things we do in our life roles, but also the things we do to be who we are, the things we do to create a meaningful life and to engage with wider society and culture” (p. 2)
Japanese Association of Occupational Therapists (2020)Japanese Association of Occupational Therapists – JAOT. (2020). About JAOT: President’s message. Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://www.jaot.or.jp/en/about/ https://www.jaot.or.jp/en/about/...	Occupation	“daily activities that are purposeful and meaningful to each person” (p. 2)
All India Occupational Therapists’ Association (2018)All India Occupational Therapists’ Association – AIOTA. (2018). OT: Definition and practice. Retrieved in 2021, September 21, from https://aiota.org/about_ot https://aiota.org/about_ot...	Occupations	“the everyday activities that people do as individuals, in families and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life” (p. 3)

Source	Topic of interest	Experiences/notions of meaning reported
Mello et al., (2020Mello, A. C. C., Dituri, D. R., & Marcolino, T. Q. (2020). The meaning making of what is meaningful: Dialogues with Wilcock and Benetton. Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional, 28(1), 352-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/2526-8910.ctoEN1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/2526-8910.ctoE... )	Meaning	- Acknowledges that “Doing means being engaged in occupations that are personally meaningful, but not necessarily intentional, healthy or organized” (p. 358), and concludes that “what is meaningful, seem[s] to be connected to well-being, qualified by the person” (p. 368)
Christiansen (1999)Christiansen, C. H. (1999). The 1999 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture. Defining lives: Occupation as identity: An essay on competence, coherence, and the creation of meaning. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53(6), 547-558.	Meaning	- derived from fulfilling purpose, efficacy, value [“believing that we have done the right thing” (p. 552)], self-worth needs for meaning cannot be met “without engaging in occupation in a way that receives social validation” (p. 553)
Crabtree (2003)Crabtree, J. L. (2003). On occupational performance. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 17(2), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/J003v17n02_01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/J003v17n02_01...	Meaning	- embodied in intentional, goal-directed activity - distinguishable from ‘meaningless’ activity subjective experience of the ‘doer’ “represents the intangible nexus between the spiritual, cognitive, emotional self and symbols, objects, and deeds” (p. 14)
Crepeau et al. (2003)Crepeau, E. B., Cohn, E. S., & Schell, B. A. B. (2003). Willard and Spackman’s Occupational Therapy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians &Wilkins.	Meaning of occupation in relation to health and well-being	- occupations as valued “day-to-day activities that are important and meaningful to their health and well-being” (p. 28)
Dubouloz et al. (2004)Dubouloz, C. J., Laporte, D., Hall, M., Ashe, B., & Smith, C. D. (2004). Transformation of meaning perspectives in clients with rheumatoid arthritis. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(4), 398-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.4.398. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.4.398...	Meaning perspectives	- personal beliefs, values, feelings, knowledge
	Meaning perspectives	- can be barriers to [positive] health changes; amenable to transformation/reconstruction through critical reflection
Dür et al. (2018)Dür, M., Brückner, V., Oberleitner-Leeb, C., Fuiko, R., Matter, B., & Berger, A. (2018). Clinical relevance of activities meaningful to parents of preterm infants with very low birth weight: a focus group study. PLoS One, 13(8), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...	Meaningful activities	- “generally positive qualities of subjective experiences associated with human action or doing”
	Meaningful activities	- can foster transitions (e.g., adaptation, identity)
Eakman (2013)Eakman, A. M. (2013). Relationships between meaningful activity, basic psychological needs, and meaning in life: test of the meaningful activity and life meaning model. OTJR, 33(2), 100-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20130222-02. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20130...	Meaningful activity	- “generally positive qualities of subjective experiences associated with human action or doing” (p. 101)
	Meaningful activity	- social in nature (e.g., contributing to/caring for others; enjoyable social interactions); motivation, purposive action (e.g., control, success, progress); personal values, beliefs

	Meaning in life	- “making sense, order, or coherence out of one’s existence and typically reflects the importance of purposive engagement in day-to-day life” (p. 101)


Eakman (2015b)Eakman, A. M. (2015b). Person factors: Meaning, sensemaking, and spirituality. In C. H. Christensen, C. M. Baum, & J. D. Bass (Eds.), Occupational therapy: Performance, participation, and well-being (pp. 313-334). Thorofare: SLACK Incorporated.	Meaningful occupation	- “valued, personally relevant, and subjectively positive experiences associated with activity or occupation” (p. 314)

	Personal meaning	- acquired through belonging, doing, understanding
Griffith et al. (2007)Griffith, J., Caron, C. D., Desrosiers, J., & Thibeault, R. (2007). Defining spirituality and giving meaning to occupation: the perspective of community-dwelling older adults with autonomy loss. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(2), 78-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.06.0016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.06.0016...	Meaning	- “a subjective, dynamic experience defined by the person and given worth by his or her society” (p. 80)

		- when derived spiritually: i) inherent meaning; ii) relationships; iii) transcendence
	Meaningful occupations	- fulfil a drive to make a difference in the world
	Meaningful occupations	- identity is “central to a person’s engagement in life through meaningful occupation” (p. 87)
Hammell (2004)Hammell, K. W. (2004). Dimensions of meaning in the occupations of daily life. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(5), 296-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740407100509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00084174040710...	Dimensions of meaning	- doing, being, belonging, becoming
		- contests framing ‘meaningful’ as inherently positive: “all occupations are meaningful; they all have some meaning for the individual engaged in them” (p. 297) (e.g., ‘humiliating’ may an experienced meaning)
		- meanings attributed to occupations are malleable
Hannam (1997)Hannam, D. (1997). More than a cup of tea: meaning construction in an everyday occupation. Journal of Occupational Science, 4(2), 69-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.1997.9686423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.1997....	Meaning of occupation	- elements of experience that give “personal shape” to one’s “cultural world” (p. 73)
Hasselkus (2002)Hasselkus, B. R. (2002). The meaning of everyday occupation. Thorofare: SLACK.	Meaning in everyday occupation	- being: to know and express one’s self
		- becoming: the potential for personal growth, transformation, self-actualization
		- influenced by “place” and culture
Hocking (2009)Hocking, C. (2009). The challenge of occupation: describing the things people do. Journal of Occupational Science, 16(3), 140-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2009.9686655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2009....	Meaning	- may be “mainstream or contested, highbrow or commonplace, sacred or profane, as a site of celebration, emancipation, oppression, weary drudgery, struggle, or degradation of the environment” (p. 145)
	Meaning	- occupations are situated and multiple meaning, varying across individuals, families, and cultures
Ikiugu (2005)Ikiugu, M. N. (2005). Meaningfulness of occupations as an occupational-life-trajectory attractor. Journal of Occupational Science, 12(2), 102-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2005.9686553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2005....	Meaningfulness	- 4 proposition:
		1. meaningfulness of occupation is personal and idiosyncratic
		2. meaningfulness is inextricably bound with identity
		3. meaningfulness enhances ones’ sense of well-being
		4. a sense of continuity (consisting of an integrated past, present, and future) is essential to perceive ones’ live as meaningful
Ikiugu et al. (2015)Ikiugu, M. N., Hoyme, A. K., Mueller, B. A., & Reinke, R. R. (2015). Meaningful occupation clarified: thoughts about the relationship between meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(1), 47-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833/2015/v45no1a8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833/201...	Meaningful occupation	- occupations that provide a sense of control, self-determination, and opportunity for self-transcendence
Ikiugu et al. (2019)Ikiugu, M. N., Lucas-Molitor, W., Feldhacker, D., Gebhart, C., Spier, M., Kapels, L., Arnold, R., & Gaikowski, R. (2019). Guidelines for occupational therapy interventions based on meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(7), 2027-2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0030-z. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-003...	Meaningful occupation	- “meaningful occupations are not necessarily always psychologically rewarding or mood enhancing” (e.g., “fun”) (p. 2029)
Ikiugu (2019)Ikiugu, M. N. (2019). Meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations: characteristics and implications for occupational therapy practice. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 35(1), 40-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2018.1486768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2018....	Meaning of occupation	- subjective according to personal preferences, circumstances, and past experiences

	Meaningful performance	- autonomy to choose and do what one wants to do
Keponen & Kielhofner (2006)Keponen, R., & Kielhofner, G. (2006). Occupation and meaning in the lives of women with chronic pain. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 13(4), 211-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038120600672975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038120600672...	Meaning of occupation	- “meaning of occupation is not always positive” (p. 218)
	Meaning of occupation	- occupation can be: source of enjoyment, a challenge to be solved, necessary to meet obligations without expectations of satisfaction/enjoyment
Kielsgaard et al. (2021)Kielsgaard, K., Horghagen, S., Nielsen, D., & Kristensen, H. K. (2021). Approaches to engaging people with dementia in meaningful occupations in institutional settings: a scoping review. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 28(5), 329-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2020.1791952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2020....	Meaningful activity	- “personally valued occupation related to an individual’s interests, preferences, personhood, motivations, autonomy, pleasure, or perceived significance of participating in specific occupations” (p. 1)
	Meaningful activity	- experiences of being connected to self, other, environment; maintain interest, joy, emotional, mental health; address need for control, continuation of creative thinking, maintenance of relationships, coherence in one’s life story
Kinney et al. (2020)Kinney, A. R., Graham, J. E., & Eakman, A. M. (2020). Participation is associated with well-being among community-based veterans: an investigation of coping ability, meaningful activity, and social support as mediating mechanisms. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(5), 10-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.037119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.0371...	Meaningful activity	- “engagement in activity that aligns with one’s values and interests, thereby generating a constellation of positive subjective experiences” (p. 2)
Lawton (1993, as cited in Eakman et al., 2010aEakman, A. M., Carlson, M. E., & Clark, F. A. (2010a). Factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity of the engagement in meaningful activities survey for older adults. OTJR, 30(3), 111-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20090518-01. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20090... )		- denotative meaning: objective physical characteristics and uses of activities
		- connotative meaning: personally subjective/ affective aspects of an activity; includes experiential, developmental, social meanings
Mosey (1980)Mosey, A. C. (1980). A model for occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 1(1), 11-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J004v01n01_02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J004v01n01_02...	Meaningful existence	- “a life situation which allows one to be productive; to have fun; to love and be loved; and to live in surroundings which are safe, supportive, and comfortable” (p. 15)
Nelson et al. (1982)Nelson, D. L., Thompson, G., & Moore, J. A. (1982). Identification of factors of affective meaning in four selected activities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 36(6), 381-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.36.6.381. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.36.6.381...	Meaning	- “the process conducted by a person in interpreting symbolic information” (p. 382)

		- a person’s interpretation influenced by feelings
	Affective Meaning	- includes: i) evaluation - positive or negative feelings; ii) power - feelings regarding potential effect on the environment; iii) action – feelings about degree of movement/volatility
	(defined as per Osgood 1952, cited in Nelson et al., 1982Nelson, D. L., Thompson, G., & Moore, J. A. (1982). Identification of factors of affective meaning in four selected activities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 36(6), 381-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.36.6.381. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.36.6.381... )	- noted Osgood neglects certain affective dimensions (e.g., aggressiveness, compulsiveness, sense of competence)
Nelson (1988)Nelson, D. L. (1988). Occupation: form and performance. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 42(10), 633-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.42.10.633. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.42.10.633...	Meaningfulness of an occupation	- an individual's interpretation of an occupational form (“meaning”), which may differ from sociocultural expectations
Persson et al. (2001)Persson, D., Erlandsson, L. K., Eklund, M., & Iwarsson, S. (2001). Value dimensions, meaning, and complexity in human occupation - A tentative structure for analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 8(1), 7-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038120119727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038120119727...	Meaning	- “a personal experience” (p. 15)
		- changes when disruptions or changes occur (e.g., injury illness) and may impact “global meaning of life” (p. 14)
		- a prerequisite is ‘occupational value’: i) concrete (e.g., satisfaction, competence); ii) symbolic (personal, cultural, universal); iii) self-reward (e.g., enjoyment)
Petruseviciene et al. (2018)Petruseviciene, D., Surmaitiene, D., Baltaduoniene, D., & Lendraitiene, E. (2018). Effect of community-based occupational therapy on realth-Related quality of life and engagement in meaningful activities of women with breast cancer. Occupational Therapy International, 2018, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6798697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6798697...	Meaningful occupation	- purposeful activity “selected in accordance with the person’s interests and priorities” (p. 2)
	Meaningful occupation	- positively affects health and quality of life; “absence is a major threat to human health” (p. 2)
Reed et al. (2010)Reed, K., Hocking, C., & Smythe, L. (2010). The interconnected meanings of occupation: the call, being-with, possibilities. Journal of Occupational Science, 17(3), 140-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2010.9686688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2010....	Meaning of occupation	- is “at the heart of who we are” (p. 146)
		- presence (or absence) of particular people can influence meaning
		- through occupation, people “become aware of the opportunities that open up or close down for them” (p. 147)
Reed et al. (2011)Reed, K. D., Hocking, C. S., & Smythe, L. A. (2011). Exploring the meaning of occupation: the case for phenomenology. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(5), 303-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2011.78.5.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2011.78.5...	Meaning of occupation	- “revealed in what we are called to do, what excites, engages, or demands something of us, in contrast to those occupations that leave us bored, disinclined, or neglectful” (p. 305)
		- sharing an interest or “Being with” others (p. 305)
		- connecting the present with the past
Roberts & Bannigan (2018)Roberts, A. E. K., & Bannigan, K. (2018). Dimensions of personal meaning from engagement in occupations: A metasynthesis. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 85(5), 386-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417418820358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00084174188203...	Personal meaning	- personal fulfillment (i.e., learning and development, pride and satisfaction, mastery, contribution)
		- restoration (i.e., enjoyment, pleasure, happiness, feelings, relaxation, ‘in the moment,’ sense of health and wellbeing, structure)
		- personal and sociocultural identity
		- connection (i.e., social, cultural, generational)
		- occasional “negative feelings” (p. 391)
Rosenberg et al. (2019)Rosenberg, L., Pade, M., Reizis, H., & Bar, M. A. (2019). Associations between meaning of everyday activities and participation among children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(6), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2019.032508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2019.0325...	Meaningful occupation	- self-initiated, important, valued; sense of enjoyment; achieving a sense of control (choice, autonomy); balancing challenge/demand and personal skill
Rowles (2008)Rowles, G. D. (2008). Place in occupational science: a life course perspective on the role of environmental context in the quest for meaning. Journal of Occupational Science, 15(3), 127-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2008.9686622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2008....	Pathways to meaning in life	- “achieving a sense of worth through the process of engaging in occupation – through ‘working’” (p. 128)
		- ‘loving’ through social relationships
		- exercising autonomy; ‘choosing’ responses and attitudes
		- “receptivity to the richness and mystery of life, appreciation of the world in which we live and the development of an understanding of our place in the cosmos” (p. 128-129)
		- meaning can be derived from hatred
Tierney & Beattie (2020)Tierney, L., & Beattie, E. (2020). Enjoyable, engaging and individualised: a concept analysis of meaningful activity for older adults with dementia. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 15(2), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/opn.12306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/opn.12306...	Attributes that make activities meaningful for people with	- enjoyable; suited to individual skills, abilities, preferences; related to personally relevant goals; engaging; related to an aspect of identity
	dementia	- participation in personally 'meaningful activities' may positively impact lives
Wada (2011)Wada, M. (2011). Strengthening the Kawa model: japanese perspectives on person, occupation, and environment. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(4), 230-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2011.78.4.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2011.78.4...	Meanings of occupation	- potential for subjectively ‘positive and negative meanings attributed to an occupation” (p. 235).
White et al. (2013)White, C., Lentin, P., & Farnworth, L. (2013). An investigation into the role and meaning of occupation for people living with on‐going health conditions. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(1), 20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.1202...	Meaning of occupation in relation to on-going health conditions	- “occupation empowers” (p. 25)
		- meaningful activity that enhanced well-being could pose risk to health
		- illness-oriented activities could become [positively] meaningful
Wilcock (1998)Wilcock, A. A. (1998). Reflections on doing, being and becoming. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(5), 248-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749806500501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00084174980650...	Meaningful occupation	- “doing well, well-being and becoming what people are best fitted to become is essential to health” (p. 255)

Assessment	Concept	Criteria measured
Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (Eakman, 2012Eakman, A. M. (2012). Measurement characteristics of the engagement in meaningful activities survey in an age-diverse sample. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(2), 20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.001867. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.0018... ; Eakman et al., 2010aEakman, A. M., Carlson, M. E., & Clark, F. A. (2010a). Factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity of the engagement in meaningful activities survey for older adults. OTJR, 30(3), 111-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20090518-01. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20090... ; Goldberg et al., 2002Goldberg, B., Brintnell, E. S., & Goldberg, J. (2002). The relationship between engagement in meaningful activities and quality of life in persons disabled by mental Illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 18(2), 17-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J004v18n02_03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J004v18n02_03... )	Meaningful activity	- designed to include: perceived congruency between the activity and one’s value system and needs, competence and mastery, value in one’s social/cultural group. 12 criteria [scale 0 (never) to 5 (always)]: self care; reflective of one’s self; express creativity; sense of accomplishment; feeling of competence; valued by others; help others; pleasure; feeling of control; expression personal values; satisfaction; right amount of challenge. E.g., “The activities I do give me pleasure”
Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment (MAPA) (Cheraghifard et al., 2020Cheraghifard, M., Taghizadeh, G., Akbarfahimi, M., Eakman, A. M., Hosseini, S. H., & Azad, A. (2020). Psychometric properties of Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment (MAPA) in chronic stroke survivors. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 28(6), 422-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2020.1834275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2020.... ; Eakman et al., 2010bEakman, A. M., Carlson, M. E., & Clark, F. A. (2010b). The Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment: A measure of engagement in personally valued activities. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 70(4), 299-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/AG.70.4.b. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/AG.70.4.b... )	Meaningfulness of activity	- instructions: “Please rate each activity according to how meaningful it is to you. That is, how much it matters or is personally fulfilling for you.” (0 not at all meaningful, 1 somewhat meaningful, 2 moderately meaningful, 3 very meaningful, and 4 extremely meaningful).
Meaningful Activity Wants and Needs Assessment (MAWNA) (Eakman, 2015aEakman, A. M. (2015a). The meaningful activity wants and needs assessment: a perspective on life balance. Journal of Occupational Science, 22(2), 210-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2013.769405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2013.... ) (Eakman, 2013Eakman, A. M. (2013). Relationships between meaningful activity, basic psychological needs, and meaning in life: test of the meaningful activity and life meaning model. OTJR, 33(2), 100-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20130222-02. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20130... )	Meaningfulness of activity	- assesses ‘wants’ and ‘needs’ associated with positive subjective experiences (or ‘meanings’), such as personal competence and goal achievement, pleasure and enjoyment, and social connectedness.
Meaningful and Psychologically Rewarding Occupation Rating Scale (MPRORS) (Ikiugu et al., 2021Ikiugu, M. N., Feldhacker, D. R., & Molitor, L. W. (2021). Psychometric properties of the meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupation rating scale: a pilot study. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 37(1), 72-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2020.1852148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2020.... )	Meaningful occupation	- to identify personally meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations; namely, those that are mentally and physically stimulation, fun, and foster social connection

Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Terapia Ocupacional Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, CEP: , 13565-905, São Carlos, SP - Brasil, Tel.: 55-16-3361-8749 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cadto@ufscar.br

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[1] Author’s Contributions

Niki Kiepek: Conception, organization of sources and analysis, review. Brenda Beagan: Analysis, revising critically for important intellectual content. San Patten: Analysis, revising critically for important intellectual content. Christine Ausman; Organization of sources, review. All authors approved the final version of the text.