Phase I reactions
|
ADH1 |
1 |
Null |
Telomere |
Pavanello et al.1818 Pavanello S, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Bertazzi PA, Snenghi R, Nalesso A, et al. Shortened telomeres in individuals with abuse in alcohol consumption. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(4):983-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25999. PMid:21351086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25999...
|
2 3 |
Increased |
Mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes |
ALDH2 |
1 |
Normal |
Sister chromatid exchanges |
Wong et al.1919 Wong R-H, Wang J-D, Hsieh L-L, Cheng T-J. XRCC1, CYP2E1 and ALDH2 genetic polymorphisms and sister chromatid exchange frequency alterations amongst vinyl chloride monomer-exposed polyvinyl chloride workers. Arch Toxicol. 2003;77(8):433-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-003-0467-6. PMid:12739102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-003-046...
|
2 |
Decreased |
DNA adducts |
Yukawa et al.2020 Yukawa Y, Muto M, Hori K, Nagayoshi H, Yokoyama A, Chiba T, et al. Combination of ADH1B*2/ALDH2*2 polymorphisms alters acetaldehyde-derived DNA damage in the blood of Japanese alcoholics. Cancer Sci. 2012;103(9):1651-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02360.x. PMid:22703580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.20...
|
CYP1A1 |
1 |
Normal |
1-hydroxypyrene |
Ada et al.2121 Ada AO, Yilmazer M, Suzen S, Demiroglu C, Demirbag AE, Efe S, et al. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in Turkish coke oven workers. Evaluation. 2007;519:511-9.
|
2 |
Increased |
3 |
Increased |
DNA adducts |
Rojas et al.2222 Rojas M, Cascorbi I, Alexandrov K, Kriek E, Auburtin G, Mayer L, et al. Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adduct levels in human white blood cells by CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism. Carcinog. 2000;21(1):35-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/21.1.35. PMid:10607731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/21.1.35...
|
4 |
Increased |
CYP1A2 |
1 |
Normal |
Urinary metabolites |
Gross-Steinmeyer et al.2323 Gross-Steinmeyer K, Eaton DL. Dietary modulation of the biotransformation and genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1. Toxicology. 2012;299(2–3):69-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.016. PMid:22640941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.05....
|
2 |
Inducible |
Amino-dimethylimidazol |
Stillwell et al.2424 Stillwell WG, Kidd LC, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR, Sinha R. Urinary excretion of unmetabolized and phase II conjugates of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in humans: relationship to cytochrome P4501A2 and N-acetyltransferase activity. Cancer Res. 1997;57(0008-5472):3457-64.
|
CYP2A6 |
1 8 |
Normal |
3-hydroxycotinine |
Nagano et al.2525 Nagano T, Yamazaki H, Shimizu M, Kiyotani K, Kamataki T, Takano R, et al. Biomonitoring of urinary cotinine concentrations associated with plasma levels of nicotine metabolites after daily cigarette smoking in a male Japanese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(7):2953-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7072953. PMid:20717551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7072953...
|
7 9 |
Decreased |
CYP2D6 |
1 |
Normal |
S-phenyl mercapturic acid |
Rossi et al.2626 Rossi AM, Guarnieri C, Rovesti S, Gobba F, Ghittori S, Vivoli G, et al. Genetic polymorphisms influence variability in benzene metabolism in humans. Pharmacogenetics. 1999;9(4):445-51. PMid:10780264.
|
3 o A |
Null |
4 o B |
Null |
Comet assay Acetyl cholinesterase |
Singh et al.2727 Singh S, Kumar V, Vashisht K, Singh P, Banerjee BD, Rautela RS, et al. Role of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and PON1 in the modulation of DNA damage in workers occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;257(1):84-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.021. PMid:21907728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.08...
|
5 o D |
Null |
6 o E |
Null |
CYP2E1 |
1 |
Normal |
Sister chromatid exchanges |
Wong et al.1919 Wong R-H, Wang J-D, Hsieh L-L, Cheng T-J. XRCC1, CYP2E1 and ALDH2 genetic polymorphisms and sister chromatid exchange frequency alterations amongst vinyl chloride monomer-exposed polyvinyl chloride workers. Arch Toxicol. 2003;77(8):433-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-003-0467-6. PMid:12739102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-003-046...
|
3 |
Increased |
Micronuclei |
Jiy et al.2828 Ji F, Wangy W, Xia ZL, Zheng YJ, Qiu YL, Wu F, et al. Prevalence and persistence of chromosomal damage and susceptible genotypes of metabolic and DNA repair genes in Chinese vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(4):648-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgq015. PMid:20100738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgq015...
|
Trans,trans-muconic acid |
Chanvaivit et al.2929 Chanvaivit S, Navasumrit P, Hunsonti P, Autrup H, Ruchirawat M. Exposure assessment of benzene in Thai workers, DNA-repair capacity and influence of genetic polymorphisms. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2007;626(1-2):79-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.09.007. PMid:17095285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.200...
|
Phase II reactions
|
EPHX |
R o 1
|
Normal |
Steroidogenesis |
Knag et al.3030 Knag AC, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E, Mayer I, Meier S. Effects of polar oil related hydrocarbons on steroidogenesis in vitro in H295R cells. Chemosphere. 2013;92(1):106-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.046. PMid:23561572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere....
|
H |
Decreased |
Y |
Increased |
DNA adducts |
Sram et al.3131 Sram RJ, Beskid O, Binkova B, Rossner P, Smerhovsky Z. Cytogenetic analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to evaluate the impact of environmental exposure to PAHs. Cancer Res. 2004;64:455-6.
|
NAT2 |
4 |
Rapid |
N-acetylbenzidine-hemoglobin adduct |
Beyerbach et al.3232 Beyerbach A, Rothman N, Bhatnagar VK, Kashyap R, Sabbioni G. Hemoglobin adducts in workers exposed to benzidine and azo dyes. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(8):1600-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi362. PMid:16497705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi362...
|
5A |
Slow |
5B |
Slow |
5C |
Slow |
Comet assay |
Cebulska-Wasilewska et al.3333 Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Binkova B, Sram RJ, Kalina I, Popov T, Farmer PB. Repair competence assay in studies of the influence of environmental exposure to c-PAHs on individual susceptibility to induction of DNA damage. Mutat Res. 2007;620(1-2):155-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.03.005. PMid:17482217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007....
|
6A |
Slow |
7B |
Slow |
NQO1 |
1 |
Normal |
Plasma prolactin |
Vinayagamoorthy et al.3434 Vinayagamoorthy N, Krishnamurthi K, Devi SS, Naoghare PK, Biswas R, Biswas AR, et al. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6*2 C → T 2850, GSTM1, NQO1 genes and their correlation with biomarkers in manganese miners of Central India. Chemosphere. 2010;81(10):1286-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.047. PMid:20851451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere....
|
2 |
Null |
PON1 |
A |
Low |
Enzyme activity levels |
Sözmen et al.3535 Sözmen EY, Mackness B, Sözmen B, Durrington P, Girgin FK, Aslan L, et al. Effect of organophosphate intoxication on human serum paraoxonase. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2002;21(5):247-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht244oa. PMid:12141395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht24...
|
B |
High |
GSTM1 |
1 |
Normal |
DNA adducts |
Pavanello et al.3636 Pavanello S, Pulliero A, Clonfero E. Influence of GSTM1 null and low repair XPC PAT+ on anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct in mononuclear white blood cells of subjects low exposed to PAHs through smoking and diet. Mutat Res. 2008;638(1-2):195-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.10.004. PMid:18035379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007....
|
Albumin adduct |
Wu et al.3737 Wu H-C, Wang Q, Yang H-I, Ahsan H, Tsai W-Y, Wang L-Y, et al. Aflatoxin B(1) exposure, hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(3):846-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0697. PMid:19273485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-...
|
0 |
Null |
Micronuclei |
Angelini et al.3838 Angelini S, Kumar R, Carbone F, Bermejo JL, Maffei F, Cantelli-Forti G, et al. Inherited susceptibility to bleomycin-induced micronuclei: correlating polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1 and DNA repair genes with mutagen sensitivity. Mutat Res. 2008;638(1-2):90-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.09.001. PMid:17953974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007....
|
GSTT1 |
1 |
Normal |
Hydroxyethyl-valine |
Yong et al.3939 Yong LC, Schulte PA, Wiencke JK, Boeniger MF, Connally LB, Walker JT, et al. Hemoglobin adducts and sister chromatid exchanges in hospital workers exposed to ethylene oxide: effects of glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(5):539-50. PMid:11352866.
|
0 |
Null |
Fennell et al.4040 Fennell TR, MacNeela JP, Morris RW, Watson M, Thompson CL, Bell DA. Hemoglobin adducts from acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers: effects of glutathione s-transferase T1-null and M1-null genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(7):705-12. PMid:10919741.
|
Micronuclei |
Angelini et al.3838 Angelini S, Kumar R, Carbone F, Bermejo JL, Maffei F, Cantelli-Forti G, et al. Inherited susceptibility to bleomycin-induced micronuclei: correlating polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1 and DNA repair genes with mutagen sensitivity. Mutat Res. 2008;638(1-2):90-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.09.001. PMid:17953974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007....
|
GSTP1 |
A |
Normal |
Amino-methylimidazol Amino-dimethylimidazol Amino-trimethylimidazol |
Koutros et al.4141 Koutros S, Berndt SI, Sinha R, Ma X, Chatterjee N, Alavanja MCR, et al. Xenobiotic metabolizing gene variants, dietary heterocyclic amine intake, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(5):1877-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2447. PMid:19223546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-...
|
B |
Low |
C |
Low |