Planting position and application of different doses of nitrogen at different times on cassava

In this study, we evaluated the impact of two planting positions of cassava cuttings, cv. ‘Vassourinha’, combined with different times and doses of nitrogen application, on productivity and other agronomic traits. In the experiment, the treatment was completely randomized using a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial scheme with two positions of the cuttings [horizontal (PH) and vertical (PV)], three instances of N application (45, 90, and 135 days after planting), and four doses of N (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha^-1), with six repetitions. We recorded and evaluated the plant height, number of shoots, stem diameter, biomass of the aerial part, number of commercial roots, the total production, and the collection index. The addition of 240 kg ha^-1 N and PH increased plant height and stem diameter but did not affect the number of commercial roots, total production, or the collection index. The treatment involving the addition of nitrogen fertilizer 135 days after planting with 240 kg ha^-1 N and planting in the PV provided the highest amount of shoot biomass without influencing crop productivity.

Index terms:
Manihot esculenta; production technology; planting methods; N application.

Authorship

Jorge González Aguilera ^**Corresponding author: j51173@yahoo.com

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul/UFMS, Chapadão do Sul, MS, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul/UFMSBrazilChapadão do Sul, MS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul/UFMS, Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-0967

Bruna Izabel Krewer

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-3089

Newton Júnior Ribeiro

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2183-2696

Alan Mario Zuffo

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão/UEMA, Balsas, MA, BrasilUniversidade Estadual do Maranhão/UEMABrazilBalsas, MA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Maranhão/UEMA, Balsas, MA, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-5325

Rafael Felippe Ratke

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-3913

Ahmed Youssef Elsayed

Horticulture Research Institute, Vegetables Breeding Dept., Agricultural Research Center, Giza, EgyptHorticulture Research InstituteEgyptGiza, EgyptHorticulture Research Institute, Vegetables Breeding Dept., Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2251

^*Corresponding author: j51173@yahoo.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão/UEMA, Balsas, MA, BrasilUniversidade Estadual do Maranhão/UEMABrazilBalsas, MA, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Maranhão/UEMA, Balsas, MA, Brasil

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1:
The rainfall, atmospheric temperature, and relative humidity during the experiment in Chapadão do Sul, MS, 2019/2020. The time of N application [45, 90, and 135 days after planting (DAP)], and cassava harvest are shown.

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Figure 2:
A comparison of the two planting strategies based on the planting position, (A) vertical and (B) horizontal, and the development of cassava shoots from the time of planting; Chapadão do Sul, MS.

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Figure 3:
The regression equations for the biomass of the aerial part when combining two positions of [horizontal (●) and vertical (▲)] cassava at different application times [45 (A), 90 (B), and 135 (C) days after planting (DAP)] as a function of different doses of nitrogen (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha^-1) under the conditions of Chapadão do Sul, MS, 2020.

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Table 1:
The main chemical properties of the soil used in the experiment under the environmental conditions of Chapadão do Sul.

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Table 2:
The analysis of variance and the p-value of some agronomic and yield traits in cassava cv. ‘Vassourinha’ planted in two positions and treated with a nitrogen fertilizer at different doses and application times; Chapadão de Sul, MS.

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Table 3:
The mean performance of some agronomic and yield traits in cassava cv. ‘Vassourinha’ planted in two positions under the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer with three application times; Chapadão de Sul, MS.

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Table 4:
The mean performance of the biomass of the aerial part (kg planta^-1) in cassava cv. ‘Vassourinha’ for two planting positions under the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer and three application times, Chapadao do Sul, MS, 2020.

Figure 1: The rainfall, atmospheric temperature, and relative humidity during the experiment in Chapadão do Sul, MS, 2019/2020. The time of N application [45, 90, and 135 days after planting (DAP)], and cassava harvest are shown.

Figure 2: A comparison of the two planting strategies based on the planting position, (A) vertical and (B) horizontal, and the development of cassava shoots from the time of planting; Chapadão do Sul, MS.

Figure 3: The regression equations for the biomass of the aerial part when combining two positions of [horizontal (●) and vertical (▲)] cassava at different application times [45 (A), 90 (B), and 135 (C) days after planting (DAP)] as a function of different doses of nitrogen (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha^-1) under the conditions of Chapadão do Sul, MS, 2020.

Table 1: The main chemical properties of the soil used in the experiment under the environmental conditions of Chapadão do Sul.

Depth (m)	pH CaCl₂	OM (g dm^-3)	PMehlich^-1 (mg dm^-3)	H+Al	Al³⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K ⁺	CEC	S
Depth (m)	pH CaCl₂	OM (g dm^-3)	PMehlich^-1 (mg dm^-3)	----------------------------- cmolc dm^-3 -----------------------------						%
0.00 - 0.20	5.2	27.5	6.0	3.8	0.12	3.20	1.10	0.25	8.4	54.5
0.20 - 0.40	4.8	30.1	5.5	4.8	0.07	2.70	0.80	0.20	8.5	43.5

OM: Organic matter. CEC: cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0. V: Base saturation.

Table 2: The analysis of variance and the p-value of some agronomic and yield traits in cassava cv. ‘Vassourinha’ planted in two positions and treated with a nitrogen fertilizer at different doses and application times; Chapadão de Sul, MS.

Source of variation	DF	p-value¹
Source of variation	DF	PHe (m)	NS (unit)	SD (mm)	BAP (kg plant^-1)	NCR (unit)	TP (t ha^-1)	CI (unit)
Time of N application (TNA)	2	0.31	0.71	0.99	0.16	0.13	0.61	0.62
Doses of N (ND)	3	0.04	0.24	0.04	0.03	0.22	0.17	0.86
Positioning (P)	1	0.04	0.08	0.004	0.05	0.60	0.36	0.11
TNA x ND	6	0.10	0.14	0.59	0.46	0.14	0.97	0.93
TNA x P	2	0.43	0.61	0.34	0.98	0.41	0.80	0.94
ND x P	3	0.25	0.22	0.47	0.27	0.73	0.82	0.97
TNA x ND x P	6	0.36	0.47	0.14	0.03	0.73	0.36	0.99
coefficient of variation (%)		9.25	26.42	10.01	8.89	4.95	5.31	19.55

¹Plant height (PHe), number of shoots (NS), stem diameter (SD), biomass of the aerial part (BAP), o number of commercial roots (NCR), total production (TP) and collection index (CI).

Table 3: The mean performance of some agronomic and yield traits in cassava cv. ‘Vassourinha’ planted in two positions under the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer with three application times; Chapadão de Sul, MS.

Treatments	PHe¹ (m)	NS (unit)	SD (mm)	NCR (unit)	TP (t ha^-1)	CI (unit)
Time of N application (DAP)
45	2.07	1.69	24.46	7.41	28.42	0.38
90	2.02	1.80	24.42	6.41	31.33	0.33
135	2.40	1.80	24.50	6.42	36.39	0.33
P <0.05	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
N doses (kg ha^-1)
0	1.92 b	1.95	22.81 b	6.11	24.26	0.33
80	2.04 b	1.73	23.40 b	6.83	29.03	0.38
160	2.13 b	1.63	25.77 b	6.39	34.91	0.32
240	2.74 a	1.78	25.93 a	7.47	43.38	0.36
P <0.05		NS		NS	NS	NS
Positioning
Horizontal	2.60 a	1.91	23.72 a	6.76	38.46	0.29
Vertical	2.00 b	1.70	23.43 b	6.63	29.92	0.37
P <0.05		NS		NS	NS	NS

¹Plant height (PHe), number of shoots (NS), stem diameter (SD), number of commercial roots (NCR), total production (TP), and collection index (CI). DAP, days after planting. Different letters in the column represent significant differences by the Tukey test at P<0.05 probability.

Table 4: The mean performance of the biomass of the aerial part (kg planta^-1) in cassava cv. ‘Vassourinha’ for two planting positions under the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer and three application times, Chapadao do Sul, MS, 2020.

Nitrogen (kg ha^-1)	Time of application (days after planting)	Positioning
Nitrogen (kg ha^-1)	Time of application (days after planting)	Horizontal	Vertical
0	45	1.98a	2.30a
	90	3.16a	1.45a
	135	2.71a	1.65a
80	45	2.15b	1.10a
	90	2.39b	1.70a
	135	3.95a	1.62a
160	45	2.01b	1.23b
	90	3.04b	3.24a
	135	3.54a	2.20b
240	45	3.71a	2.53b
	90	3.91a	2.31b
	135	2.20a	7.25a

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Planting position and application of different doses of nitrogen at different times on cassava

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: j51173@yahoo.com