Notável : a medium-early-maturing , disease-resistant Carioca common bean cultivar with high yield potential

BRS Notável is a common bean cultivar with carioca grain, suitable for cultivation in 20 Brazilian states. It is a mediumearly-maturing cultivar, with an average yield of 2,261 kg ha-1, 8.5% higher than the controls, a high yield potential (4,472 kg ha-1), lodging tolerance and resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, common bacterial blight, and curtobacterium wilt.


INTRODUCTION
Brazil is the world's largest producer of common beans, which are the primary protein source in the Brazilian diet.The consumers have regional preferences in terms of grain color and type, aside from cooking quality characteristics.The states of the South, Southeast and Midwest of the country produce most of the carioca grain, which accounts for about 70% of the total consumption (Del Peloso and Melo 2005).To meet this demand, the bean is sown year-round, in various cropping systems.In 2009, 2.9 million tons of common beans were produced on an area of 2.5 million hectares, i.e., a national average yield of 1,160 kg ha -1 (http:// www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/apps/socioeconomia/index.htm).
Currently, producers desire new cultivars that are highyielding, earlier, more disease-resistant and upright, and which can be mechanically harvested, ensuring a better quality product and higher crop profits for the farmers.The demand for earlier cultivars is on the rise because these crops can be more flexibly scheduled, saving irrigation wa-ter, energy, etc.To date, few cultivars of the Carioca group have this earliness trait, e.g., Carioca Precoce, BRS 9435 Cometa (Faria et al. 2008) and BRSMG Talismã (Abreu et al. 2004).Another important characteristic of new common bean cultivars is the resistance to diseases such as fusarium wilt, anthracnose, angular leaf spot, white mold, common bacterial blight, and bean golden mosaic virus, which cause substantial production losses.

BREEDING METHODS
BRS Notável was obtained from crosses between the lines A 769 /4/ A 774 /// A 429 / XAN 252 // V 8025 / G 4449 /// WAF 2 / A55 // GN 31 / XAN 170 carried out in 1990, at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).Embrapa Rice and Beans received the population in the F 4 generation from the CIAT, and the subsequent selection stages were performed in Santo Antônio de Goiás.In 1995, the F 4 population was sown and blight-resistant plants were selected, representing the population in the following generation.Selection was also

CULTIVAR RELEASE
HS Pereira et al. performed for standards of the carioca grain.In the F 5 generation, plants were selected for resistance to anthracnose, angular leaf spot and rust, resulting in F 5:6 families, in 1996.In 1997, F 5:6 families were selected for resistance to rust and angular leaf spot.In 1998, in the F 5:7 generation, selection among families and selection of plants within the best families was performed for bacterial blight resistance, plant architecture, grain yield and carioca grain characteristics.In 2000, lines in the F 7:8 generation were selected for yield and plant architecture, among which line LM 200203909 was selected.
Thereafter, this line was evaluated in replicated tests for grain yield and other relevant traits, e.g., disease reaction, plant architecture, etc. (Melo 2009).In 2001, the line was assessed in the Preliminary Carioca Test in a randomized block design with three replications, in two 4-m rows, along with over 109 lines and four controls, at four locations: Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO), Seropédica (RJ), Ponta Grossa (PR), and Lavras (MG).
In 2003, LM 200203909 was assessed in the Intermediate Test along with another 24 lines and five controls, in a randomized block design with three replications, in four 4-m rows, in seven environments: Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO) -rainy season (sowing in November); Ponta Grossa (PR) -rainy (sowing in October) and dry season (sowing in January); Lavras (MG) -winter (sowing in July); Sete Lagoas (MG) -dry season (sowing in March); Simão Dias (SE)rainy season (sowing in May); and Seropédica (RJ) -winter (sowing in June).The combined data analyses for grain yield and other agronomic traits indicated line LM 200203909, now with the pre-commercial name CNFC 10408, for the tests of Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU).
In 2004, sufficient seed was produced for sowing in the VCU tests.From 2005 to 2010, line CNFC 10408 was evaluated in 175 tests with several controls (Pérola, Iapar 81, BRS Pontal, BRS 9435 Cometa, BRS Estilo, IAC Alvorada, IAC Carioca, IPR Tangará, SCS Guará, and BRS Requinte), in a randomized block design with four replications of four 4-m rows, using the recommended technologies for each environment and cropping system.
The average yield of BRS Notável was 2,261 kg ha -1 , compared with 2,116 kg ha -1 of the controls and 2,138 kg ha -1 of cultivar Perola.In all tests, two controls were included for comparison, one of which was cultivar Pérola in all tests.Preferably, the second control was cultivar Iapar 81.Otherwise, one of the other varieties mentioned above was used, according to the constitution of the tests.The data of the planting seasons and states showed that in Alagoas, in the rainy season, the average performance of BRS Notável was 28% better than that of the controls.In Paraná, which accounts for approximately 27% of the country's common bean production, and is consequently, the largest bean-producing state in Brazil (http://www.cnpaf.embrapa.br/apps/socioeconomia/index.htm), BRS Notável had an average yield of 2,156 kg ha -1 and 2,193 kg.ha -1 in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, exceeding the controls by 3% and 21%, respectively.In São Paulo and Goiás/Federal District, which are the third and fourth largest producing states, respectively, the performance of BRS Notável also exceeded the controls by 11% and 10%, respectively, in the average of all seasons.
The average yield potential of BRS Notável in the five tests in which the cultivar achieved the highest yields, was 4,472 kg ha -1 .This shows that the cultivar has a high genetic potential and that high yields can be achieved if the environment is favorable and growing conditions are good.

OTHER TRAITS
In terms of grain quality traits that are relevant for food processing and industry, BRS Notável has regular grain color and size and an average 100-grain weight of 26 grams, similar to the controls Iapar 81 and Pérola (Table 2) and less than IAC Alvorada (28 grams) (Carbonell et al. 2008).The mean cooking time of BRS Notável is 31 min, slightly higher than that of the controls (on average 28 min).Regarding the protein percentage, the average content of BRS Notável was also slightly higher, around 23%, compared to 21% of the controls.
Under artificial inoculation, BRS Notável was resistant to bean common mosaic virus and to the pathotypes 65, 73, 81, 89 and 453 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose.It also proved moderately resistant to curtobacterium wilt.In field tests, it was moderately resistant to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, common bacterial blight and rust.However, it was susceptible to angular leaf spot and bean golden mosaic virus (Table 3).
The BRS Notável has a medium-early-maturing cycle (75-84 days from emergence to physiological maturity), similar to BRS 9435 Cometa (Faria et al. 2008).This cycle is about 10 days shorter than of the cultivars with this grain type that are currently in use.Earlier cultivars allow farmers to schedule harvest schemes with greater flexibility and to save water, energy, etc.The plants are bushy, with indeterminate growth habit type II.The plant architecture of BRS Notável is semi-erect with good lodging resistance, even suitable for direct mechanical harvesting.The flowers are white and pods at physiological maturity yellow.At harvest maturity, the pods are regularly sandy-yellow.The grains are carioca (beige with brown stripes), with a nearly full elliptical shape, not shiny, similar to the cultivars Pérola and BRS Estilo (Melo et al. 2010).
The particular features of BRS Notável are the early maturity combined with high yield potential, resistance to bean common mosaic virus and moderate resistance to anthracnose, bacterial blight and fusarium wilt.The advantages of this new over the other Carioca grain cultivars indicated above are a higher average yield and yield potential and enhanced resistance to fusarium wilt, bacterial blight and curtobacterium wilt than of BRS 9435 Cometa (Faria et al . 2008), which is also medium-early maturing (in 75-84 days).Compared to normal-maturing cultivars, BRS Notável has a greater yield and better grain standard than BRS Requinte (Faria et al. 2004) and also greater resistance to common bacterial blight and fusarium wilt than BRS Estilo (Melo et al. 2010).

SEED PRODUCTION
BRS Notável was registered in the National Register of Cultivars (RNC) of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) on March 3, 2011 (no. 27.808) and the application for cultivar protection was submitted.Embrapa Technology Transfer will be in charge of the seed production.

CONCLUSIONS
The common bean cultivar BRS Notável has a mediumearly-maturing cycle, high yield potential, yield stability, light-colored grains with a similar size to cultivar Pérola, and high resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, common bacterial blight and curtobacterium wilt.BRS Notável is suitable for sowing in the following states and seasons: rainy, dry and winter in Goiás, Distrito Federal, Bahia and São Paulo; winter and dry in Mato Grosso; rainy and dry season in Espírito Santo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul; winter and dry season in Tocantins and Rio de Janeiro; dry season in Mato Grosso do Sul; and rainy season in Maranhão, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Alagoas, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Paraíba, and Piauí.

Table 1 .
Grain yield of BRS Notável compared with the average of two controls in tests of Value for Cultivation and Use, for state and season, from 2005 to 2010

Table 2 .
Traits of common bean cultivar BRS Notável, compared to the controls Pérola and IAPAR 81