Adzuki bean (Red bean) |
Vigna angularis
|
2n = 22 |
490 |
Japan, Korean peninsula, and China,Nepal and Bhutan (Vaughan et al. 2005Vaughan DA, Tomooka N and Kaga A (2005) Azuki bean [Vigna angularis (L.) Ohwi and Ohashi]. Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement. In Singh RJ and Jauhar PP (eds) Grain legumes Boca Roca (FL). CRC Press, Boca Raton , p. 347-359.) |
Brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata), phytophthora stem rot (Phytophthora vignae f.sp. adzukicola), wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzukicola), and bruchids (Vaughan et al. 2005Vaughan DA, Tomooka N and Kaga A (2005) Azuki bean [Vigna angularis (L.) Ohwi and Ohashi]. Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement. In Singh RJ and Jauhar PP (eds) Grain legumes Boca Roca (FL). CRC Press, Boca Raton , p. 347-359.) |
Low temperature |
Trypsin inhibitors, phylates and galactosides (Yoshida et al. 2010Yoshida H, Tomiyama Y, Yoshida N, Shibata K and Mizushina Y (2010) Regio specific profiles of fatty acids in triacylglycerols and phospholipids from Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis). Nutrients 2: 49-59.) |
Bambara bean (Earth pea, ground-bean) |
Vigna subterranea
|
2n = 22 |
882 |
Mali, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Niger, Togo and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Majola et al. 2021Majola NG, Gerrano AS and Shimelis H (2021) Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) production, utilisation and genetic improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy 11: 1345.) |
Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora canescens), powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. voandzeia), rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), leaf blight (Colletotrichum graminicola), cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), black-eye cowpea mosaic virus (BECMV), peanut mottle potyvirus (PMV), cowpea mottle comovirus (CMV), cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV), cowpea weevil, bruchids, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) (Majola et al. 2021Majola NG, Gerrano AS and Shimelis H (2021) Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) production, utilisation and genetic improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy 11: 1345.) |
Drought (Majola et al. 2021Majola NG, Gerrano AS and Shimelis H (2021) Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) production, utilisation and genetic improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy 11: 1345.) |
Condensed tannins (CTs), phytic acid phosphate (PAP), polyphenol, and trypsin inhibitor (Unigwe et al. 2018Unigwe AE, Doria E, Adebola P, Gerrano AS and Pillay M (2018) Anti-nutrient analysis of 30 Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) accessions in South Africa. Journal of Crop Improvement 32: 208-224.) |
Chickpea (Gram) |
Cicer arietinum |
2n = 16 |
749.7 |
India, Australia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Turkey, Ethiopia, Iran, Mexico, Canada and USA (http://faostat.fao.org/) |
Dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris), collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), wet root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and black root rot (Fusarium solani), Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei), Botrytis gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), Stemphylium blight (Stemphylium sarciniforme), Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. cassiae) Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), leafminer (Liriomyza cicerina), black aphid (Aphis craccivora), Pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera) (Nene et al. 2012Nene YL, Reddy MV, Haware MP, Ghanekar AM, Amin KS, Pande S and Sharma M (2012) Field diagnosis of chickpea diseases and their control. AP, India, 60p.) |
Drought, heat and cold stress |
Protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, phytolectins, polyphenols, and oligosaccarides |
Common bean |
Phaseolus vulgaris
|
2n = 22 |
588 |
Nigeria, Myanmar, India, Brazil, Niger, USA, Tanzania, Mexico, China, Uganda (FAOSTAT, 2019) |
Web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris), Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora cruenta), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), Angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola), Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv phaseoli), Halo blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Aphids, Armyworms, Corn earworm , Cutworms, Leafminers, Mexican bean beetle, Stinkbugs (Degu et al. 2020Degu T, Yaregal W and Gudisa T (2020) Status of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diseases in metekel zone, north west Ethiopia. Journal Plant Pathology Microbiology 11: 494. , OECD 2016OECD (2016) Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)”, in safety assessment of transgenic organisms in the environment, OECD consensus documents. OECD Publishing, Paris, p. 187-210.) |
Low soil phosphorus (Beebe et al. 2014Beebe SE, Rao IM, Devi MJ and Polania J (2014) Common beans, biodiversity, and multiple stresses: Challenges of drought resistance in tropical soils. Crop and Pasture Science 65: 667-675.) |
lectin, saponin, trypsin inhibitor and phytic acid (Rui et al. 2016Rui S, Hua W, Rui G, Qin L, Lei P, Jianan L, ZhiHui H and Chanyou C (2016) The diversity of four anti-nutritional factors in common bean. Horticultural Plant Journal 2: 97-104.) |
Common vetch |
Vicia sativa
|
2n = 12 |
2254 |
Turkey, Albania, Lebanon, India, China, North America, Spain, Australia (Ennenking and Tate 2006Ennenking D and Tate M (2006) Global vetch production. Grain Legumes 47: 14-15., Firincioglu et al. 2010Firincioglu HK, Unal S, Erberkas E and Dogruyol L (2010) Relationships between seed yield and yield components in common vetch (Vicia sativa ssp. sativa) populations sown in spring and autumn in central Turkey. Field Crop Research 116: 30-37.) |
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi), pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) |
Frost (Chung et al. 2013Chung JW, Kim TS, Suresh S, Lee SY and Cho GT (2013) Development of 65 novel polymorphic cDNA-SSR markers in common vetch (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa) using next generation sequencing. Molecules 18: 8376-8392.) |
beta cyano L alanine and its derivatives (Tate and Ennenking 2006Tate M and Ennenking D (2006) Common vetch (Vicia sativa ssp. sativa): feed or future food. Grain Legumes 47: 16-17.) |
Cowpea (black eye bean) |
Vigna unguiculata
|
2n = 22 |
1176 |
Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Cameroon, Mali, Myanmar, Kenya, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of the Congo (http://faostat.fao.org/) |
Leaf smut or false smut (Protomycopsis phaseoli), Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv vignicola ), bacterial pustule (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vigna euguiculatae), cowpea aphid borne mosaic (CABMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) and cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. jjavanica),Koch (Aphis craccivora), bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)), beetles (Ootheca mutabilis), maruca (Maruca vitrata), leafhoppers and foliage beetles, Parasitic weeds: Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke and Alectra vogelii Benth (Horn and Shimelis 2020Horn LN and Shimelis H (2020) Production constraints and breeding approaches for cowpea improvement for drought prone agro-ecologies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 65: 83-89.) |
Drought and heat stresses and poor soil fertility (Horn and Shimelis 2020Horn LN and Shimelis H (2020) Production constraints and breeding approaches for cowpea improvement for drought prone agro-ecologies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 65: 83-89.) |
Phytate, polphenols, enzyme inhibitors (trypsin, chymotrypsin) (Frias et al. 1995Frias J, Diaz-Pollan C, Hedley CL and Vidal-Valverde C (1995) Evolution of trypsin inhibitor. activity during germination of lentils. Journal of Agriculturual and Food chemistry 43: 2231-2234.) |
Faba bean (Broad bean, horsebean) |
Vicia faba
|
2n = 12 |
13034 |
China, Europe, Northern Africa, West Asia and Australia (http://faostat.fao.org/) |
Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae), chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), black root rot (Fusarium solani), faba bean root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches), powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi var. pisi), stem rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum), black bean aphid (Aphis fabae), pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus), broad bean weevil (Bruchus rufimanus) (Karkanis et al. 2018Karkanis A, Ntatsi G, Lepse L, Fernandez JA, Vagen IM, Rewald B, Alsina I, Kronberga A, Balliu A, Olle M, Bodner G, Dubova L, Rosa E and Savva D (2018) Faba bean cultivation-revealing novel managing practices for more sustainable and competitive European cropping systems. Frontier in Plant Sciences 9: 1115.) |
Drought and heat stress (Katerji et al. 2011Katerji N,Mastrorilli M, Lahmer FZ, Maalouf F and Oweis T (2011) Faba bean productivity in saline-drought conditions. European Journal Agronomy 35: 2-12. ) |
phenol and condensed tannin/proanthocyanidin (Kumar et al. 2015Kumar A, Nidhi AS, Prasad N and Sinha SK (2015) Nutritional and antinutritional attributes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasms growing in Bihar, India. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 21: 159-162.) |
Grass pea |
Lathyrus sativus
|
2n = 14 |
8330 |
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Ethiopia (Vaz Patto et al. 2006Vaz Patto MC, Skiba B, Pang ECK, Ochatt SJ, Lambein F and Rubiales D (2006) Lathyrus improvement for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: from classical breeding to marker assisted selection Euphytica 147: 133-147.) |
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi), downy mildew (Peronospora spp), rust (Uromyces spp.), blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes), orobanche, root knot nematode (Meloidogyne artiella) and cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri) (Vaz Patto et al. 2006Vaz Patto MC, Skiba B, Pang ECK, Ochatt SJ, Lambein F and Rubiales D (2006) Lathyrus improvement for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: from classical breeding to marker assisted selection Euphytica 147: 133-147.) |
- |
ODAP, nitriles (Vaz Patto and Rubiales 2014Vaz Patto MC and Rubiales D (2014) Lathyrus diversity: available resources with relevance to crop improvement- L sativus and L cicera as case studies. Annual Botany 113: 895-908.) |
Hyacinth bean (Lablab) |
Lablab purpureus
|
2n = 22 |
367 (Iwata et al. 2013Iwata A, Greenland CM and Jackson SA (2013) Cytogenetics of legumes in the Phaseoloid clade. The Plant Genome 6: 1-8.) |
India, Nepal, China, Bagladesh, Thailand, Australia and Eastern Africa (Maass et al. 2010Maass BL, Knox MR, Venkatesha SC, Angessa TT, Ramme S and Pengelly BC (2010) Lablab purpureus-a crop lost for Africa? Tropical Plant Biology 3: 123-135.) |
Bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.), pod borer (Adisura atkinsoni), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), leaf spot (Cercospora dolichi) and powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) |
Drought (Maass et al. 2010Maass BL, Knox MR, Venkatesha SC, Angessa TT, Ramme S and Pengelly BC (2010) Lablab purpureus-a crop lost for Africa? Tropical Plant Biology 3: 123-135.) |
Tannins, phylates and trypsin inhibitors (Murphy and Colucci 1999Murphy AM and Colucci PE (1999) A tropical forage solution to poor quality ruminant diets: a review of Lablab purpureus. Live stock Research Rural Development 11: 2.) |
Lentil |
Lens culinaris
|
2n = 14 |
4125.8 |
Canada, India, Turkey, Australia, Nepal, USA, China, Ethiopia, Bagladesh, Syrian Arab Republic (http://faostat.fao.org/) |
Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis), Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae f.sp. lentis) Sitona weevil/bruchids, Aphids (Agrawal et al. 2013Agrawal SK, Barpete S, Kumar J, Gupta P and Sarker A (2013) Global Lentil Production: Constraints and Strategies. SATSA Mukhapatra Annual Technical Issue: 1-13.) |
Drought, heat, cold and frost (Agrawal et al. 2013Agrawal SK, Barpete S, Kumar J, Gupta P and Sarker A (2013) Global Lentil Production: Constraints and Strategies. SATSA Mukhapatra Annual Technical Issue: 1-13.) |
oligosaccharides, α-galactosides, trypsin inhibitors (Vidal-Valverde et al. 1994Vidal-Valverde C, Frias J, Estrella I, Gorospe MJ, Ruiz R and Bacon J (1994) Effect of processing on some anti-nutritional factors of lentils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42: 2291-2295.) |
Lupins |
White |
Lupinus albus
|
2n = 50 |
568.4 |
Australia, Poland, Ukraine (http://faostat.fao.org/) |
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lupini), Phomopsis stem blight (Diaporthe toxica), rust (Urmyces lupinicolus), gray mold (Botrytis cinerea),, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), bean common mosaic virus (BYMV) (Clements et al. 2005Clements JC, Buirchel BJ, Yang H, Smith PMC, Sweetingham MW and Smith CG (2005) Lupin. In Singh RJ and Jauhar PP (eds) Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 223-331.) |
Alkaline soil, frost |
Alkaloids (Quinolizidine) |
Yellow |
L. luteus
|
2n = 52 |
980 |
Narro-leafed |
L. angustifolius
|
2n = 40 |
926.1 |
Moth bean (Mat bean) |
Vigna aconitifolia
|
2n = 22 |
1078 |
Mungbean (Green gram) |
Vigna radiata
|
2n = 22 |
588 |
India, Pakistan, China, Myanmar and Thailand (Isemura et al. 2012Isemura T, Kaga A, Tabata S, Somta P, Srinives P, Shimizu T, Uken Jo, Duncan AV and Norihiko T (2012) Construction of a genetic linkage map and genetic analysis of domestication related traits in mungbean (Vigna radiata). PLoS One 7: e41304.) |
Leaf spot (Cercospora canesens), Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), bruchids, white fly (Bemicia tabaci), thrips (Megalurothrips distalis) (Nair et al. 2019Nair RM, Pandey AK, War AR, Hanumantharao B, Shwe T, Alam A, Pratap A, Malik SR, Karimi R, Mbeyagala EK, Douglas CA, Rane J and Schafleitner R (2019) Biotic and abiotic constraints in mungbean production-progress in genetic improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science 25: 1340. ) |
Alkaline soil, iron deficiency chlorosis (Prathet et al. 2012Prathet P, Somta P and Srinives P (2012) Mapping QTL conferring resistance to iron deficiency chlorosis in mungbean Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Field Crop Research 137: 230-236.) |
Trypsin inhibitors, haemaglutinins and phylates (Lambrides and Godwin 2007Lambrides CJ and Godwin ID (2007) Mungbean. In Kole C (ed) Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants. Pulses, sugar and tuber crops Heidelberg. Springer, Verlag, p. 69-90., Sompong et al. 2012Sompong U, Somta P, Raboy V and Srinives P (2012) Mapping of quantitative trait loci for phytic acid and phosphorus contents in seed and seedling of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Breed Sciences 62: 87-92.) |
Pigeonpea |
Cajanus cajan
|
2n = 22 |
784 |
Asia,Eastern and Southern Africa, Latin America and Caribbeancountries (Choudhary et al. 2011Choudhary AK, Sultana R, Pratap A, Nadarajan, N Jha and UC (2011) Breeding for abiotic stresses in pigeonpea. Journal of Food Legumes 24: 165-174.) |
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum), sterlity mosaic (Pigeonpea Sterlity Mosaic Virus) and phytopthora blight (Phytopthora drechslei sp. cajani).Podbug (Calvigralla gibbosa, C. scutellarius), Pod borer (H. Armigera), leaf webbers, cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon and Ochropleura flammatra) and hairy caterpillars (Amsacta moorei, A. albistriga and Spilosoma obliqua) (Sharma et al. 2010Sharma OP, Gopali JB, Yelshetty S, Bambawale OM, Garg DK and Bhosle BB (2010) Pests of pigeonpea and their management. NCIPM, LBS Building, IARI Campus, New Delhi.) |
Waterlogging, Drought, Low temperature, photoperiod, soil salinity, Al toxicity (Choudhary et al. 2011Choudhary AK, Sultana R, Pratap A, Nadarajan, N Jha and UC (2011) Breeding for abiotic stresses in pigeonpea. Journal of Food Legumes 24: 165-174.) |
Protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, phytolectins, polyphenols, and oligosaccarides |
Rice bean |
Vigna umbellata
|
2n = 22 |
588 |
Eastern India, Myanmar, Thailand,Nepal and Southern China (Isemura et al. 2010Isemura T, Kaga A, Tomooka N, Shimizu T and Vaughan DA (2010) Construction of a genetic linkage map and genetic analysis of the domestication related traits in rice bean (Vigna umbellata). Annual Botany 106: 927-944.) |
Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), cercospora leaf spot and web blight (Rhizoctonia solani) (Khadka and Acharya 2009Khadka K and Acharya BD (2009) Cultivation practices of ricebean. Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Pokhara, 31p.) |
- |
Trypsin inhibitors and Phylates |
Urd bean |
Vigna mungo
|
2n = 22 |
588 |
India, Myanmar, Thailand, Phillipines and Pakistan (Gupta et al. 2013Gupta PK, Rustgi S and Mir RR (2013) Array-based high-throughput DNA markers and genotyping platforms for cereal genetics and genomics. In Gupta PK and Varshney RK (eds) Cereal genomics II. Springer, Netherlands, p. 11-55.a) |
Leaf crinkle virus, MYMV and bruchids (Sharma et al. 2011Sharma OP, Bambawale OM, Gopali JB, Bhagat S, Yelshetty S, Singh SK, Anand R and Singh OP (2011) Field guide mungbean and urdbean. Government of India, Department of Agricultural and Co-operation, New Delhi, p. 1-40.) |
Salinity and drought |
Trypsin inhibitors and Phylates |