PAPERMAKING WASTE SLUDGE FIBER-CEMENT COMPOSITE PANEL: STABILIZATION AND SOLIDIFICATION OF HIGH FE AND TI CONTENT-PETROCHEMICAL ASH

Mohammadkazemi, Fatemeh

doi:10.1590/01047760201824042579

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Articles • cerne 24 (4) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201824042579 copy

PAPERMAKING WASTE SLUDGE FIBER-CEMENT COMPOSITE PANEL: STABILIZATION AND SOLIDIFICATION OF HIGH FE AND TI CONTENT-PETROCHEMICAL ASH

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effect of papermaking waste sludge (PWS), petrochemical ash, and metakaolin (MK) replacement with portland cement in the manufacturing of fiber-cement composite (FCC) was investigated. Moreover, the toxicity of materials and FCC was evaluated. Modulus of rupture (MOR), (MOE), fracture toughness (FT), internal bonding strength (IB), water absorption after 24h immersion in water (WA24), and density of FCCs were measured. X-ray diffraction patterns were also obtained. According to the main results, Composites produced with 6% PWS content showed superior mechanical properties. Higher contents of PWS resulted in the reduction in fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, increasing void contents, and hence lower strength properties. Replacing petrochemical ash and MK up to 10% provided optimum combinations and lightweight composites. In addition, X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed pozzolanic reactions of materials. Toxicity investigation showed that concentration of heavy metals in FCC leachate were reduced compared with ash. Pozzolanic reaction of materials had positive influence on solidification and stabilization of heavy metals. In conclusion, FCCs with the highest pozzolanic activity, were considered as the optimum combination. Moreover, successful stabilization and solidification of heavy metals occurred. Therefore, not only PWS and petrochemical ash can be reused in FCC manufacturing, but they also in turn reduced environmental pollution.

Keywords:
Toxicity; Papermaking waste sludge; Petrochemical ash; Metakaolin; Heavy metals

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Chemical composition	Concentration (w/w %)
Chemical composition	PC	PWS	Ash	MK
Na₂O	1.29	0.30	2.46	0.01
MgO	4.79	10.6	1.76	0.18
Al₂O₃	6.00	4.75	2.68	43.87
SiO₂	20.53	13.65	18.01	51.85
P₂O₅	-	0.30	6.45	-
SO₃	2.00	-	1.82	-
CaO	61.89	68.57	4.86	0.20
TiO₂	-	0.002	35.95	-
Fe₂O₃	3.00	-	22.52	0.99
ZnO	-	-	1.93	-
K₂O	0.50	0.33	0.46	0.12
MnO	- *	0.04	0.12	-
Cl	-	-	0.55	-
Cr₂O₃	-	-	0.08	-
NiO	-	-	0.04	-
CuO	-	-	0.04	-

Compound	Concentration (ppm)	Compound	Concentration (ppm)	Compound	Concentration (ppm)
Benzene	<0.01	Hexachlorobutadiene	<0.01	epoxyheptachlor	<0.0001
Toluene	<0.01	Hexachloroethane	<0.01	D.D.E	<0.0001
Ethylbenzene	<0.01	2,4,6-trichloro phenol	<0.01	dieldrin	<0.0001
p-Xylene	<0.01	2,4,5-trichloro phenol	<0.01	D.D.D	<0.0001
Styrene	<0.01	nitro benzene	<0.01	Endrin aldhyde	<0.0001
o-Xylene	<0.01	methyl ethyl ketone	<0.01	Endrin ketone	<0.0001
Carbon tetra chloride	<0.01	pyridine	<0.01	Metoxy chlor	<0.0001
Chloroform	<0.01	Tetrachloroethylene	<0.01	Endrin	<0.0001
O-cresol	<0.005	Trichloroethylene	<0.01	Endosulfan	<0.0001
m-cresol	<0.005	vinyl chloride	<0.01	Methyl chlor	<0.0001
p-cresol	<0.005	2,4-dinitro toluene	<0.01	Chlordane	<0.0001
Monochlorobenzene	<0.01	alpha-lindane	<0.0001	Toxaphene	<0.0001
1,2-dichloro ethane	<0.01	lindane	<0.0001	1,4- dichloroben-zene	<0.01
Heptachlore	<0.0001	1,1-dichloroethane	<0.01	Aldrine	<0.0001

Heavy metals concentration (ppm)	Ag	As	Cd	Hg	Pb	Se	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Zn
Ash	<0.02	<0.05	<0.02	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	0.73	7.89	0.68	221.07
FCC powder	<0.02	<0.05	<0.02	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	0.23	<0.05	0.06	<0.05	0.1
EPA 1311	5	5	1	0.2	5	1	5	-	-	-	-*