Determination of relationships between leaf area Index and Stand characteristics in anatolian black pine stands of kastamonu region, Türkiye

Yer, Batin Mehmet; Sakici, Oytun Emre

doi:10.1590/01047760202228013103

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Silviculture • CERNE 28 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760202228013103 copy

Determination of relationships between leaf area Index and Stand characteristics in anatolian black pine stands of kastamonu region, Türkiye

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Background:

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important stand characteristic in terms of forest productivity and stand growth, and it shows significant correlations with other stand characteristics. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the relationships between LAI and some other stand characteristics, i.e. mean diameter, stand age, dominant height, site index, number of trees, stand basal area, stand density, total crown biomass and crown dimensions for Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) stands in Kastamonu region, which is one of the economically important tree species in Türkiye, and to develop a regression model for LAI estimations by using these relationships.

Results:

The data obtained from 119 temporary sample plots were used in the study. According to the results, stand basal area, stand density, total crown biomass, dominant height, number of trees, mean diameter, and site index positively correlated with LAI. LAI values were significantly different in terms of stand density and site classes. Among the candidate models for LAI estimations, the model containing site index and stand density as independent variables was the most successful model with the adjusted coefficient of determination ( R _adj ² ) of 0,63 and the Akaike information criterion ( AIC) of -67,25.

Conclusion:

The LAI, which is difficult to measure directly in practice, of Anatolian black pine stands in Kastamonu region of Türkiye could be estimated accurately with the help of the equation developed.

Keywords:
LAI-2200C; Stand density; Site index; Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana

HIGHLIGHTS

The LAI of an Anatolian black pine stand can be accurately estimated using site index and stand density.

Mean diameter, basal area, stand density, and site index were positively correlated with LAI.

The LAI values were statistically different for stand density and site classes.

For sustainable forest management projections, the LAI is one of the valuable stand characteristics.

Stand characteristics	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard Deviation
Leaf area index (m²⋅m^-2)	0.79	3.83	2.32	0.74
Mean diameter (cm)	11.4	48.9	27.9	8.6
Stand age (year)	28	137	74.9	25.1
Dominant height (m)	9.3	30.8	18.2	5.5
Site index (m)	11.2	43.9	22.5	6.2
Number of trees per hectare (N⋅ha^-1)	190	3300	871.6	541.5
Stand basal area (m² ha^-1)	14.65	88.71	44.56	17.74
Stand density	3.70	18.38	8.51	3.13
Total crown biomass (ton⋅ha^-1)	14.18	85.88	43.13	17.17
Mean crown diameter (m)	2.50	7.87	5.78	1.18
Mean crown length (m)	3.86	8.33	6.75	0.96

Models	Form	Resource
LS-1	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0BA^{b1}{CL_m}^{b_2} \end{equation} \)	Long and Smith, 1988LONG, J. N.; SMİTH, F. W. Leaf area-sapwood area relations of lodgepole pine as influenced by stand density and site index. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v.18, n. 2, p. 247-250, 1988.
LS-2	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0{M_{cr}}^{b1}{CL_m}^{b_2} \end{equation} \)
P-1	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0(BA.CL_m)^{b_1} \end{equation} \)	Pace, 2003PACE, M. D. Effect of Stand Density on Behavior of Leaf Area Prediction Models for Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) in Maine. 2003, 69 p. Master’s thesis The University of Maine Graduate School, Maine.
P-2	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0(SD.CL_m)^{b_1} \end{equation} \)
DS-1	\( \begin{equation} \ln LAI=b_0+b_1\ln BA+b_2\ln\ CL_m \end{equation} \)	DeRose and Seymour, 2009DEROSE, R. J.; SEYMOUR, R. S. The effect of site quality on growth efficiency of upper crown class Picea rubens and Abies balsamea in Maine, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 39, n. 4, p. 777-784, 2009.
DS-2	\( \begin{equation} \ln\ LAI=b_0+b_1\ln\ BA+b_2\ln\ CD_m \end{equation} \)
DS-3*	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0SD^{b_1}SI^{b_2}b_3h_{100}{^{b_{3^{-1}}}}\exp(-((h_{100}/43)b_3)) \end{equation}\)	DeRose and Seymour, 2010DEROSE, R. J.; SEYMOUR, R. S. Patterns of leaf area index during stand development in even-aged balsam fir–red spruce stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 40, n. 4, p. 629-637, 2010.
D-1	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0+b_1\ln\ SD+b_2\ln\ SI \end{equation} \)	Regression models developed in the present study
D-2	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0+b_1SD+b_2\ln\ SI+b_3SD^2 \end{equation} \)
D-3	\( \begin{equation} \ln\ LAI=b_0+b_1\ln SD+b_2\ln SI +b_3SD^2 \end{equation} \)
D-4	\( \begin{equation} LAI=b_0+b_1\ln SD+b_2\ln SI \end{equation} \)

Stand characteristics	Correlation Coefficient ( r)	p
Mean diameter (cm)	0.185 ^S	0.044*
Stand age (year)	0.165 ^P	0.073 ^ns
Dominant height (m)	0.398 ^P	<0.001*
Site index (m)	0.265 ^P	0.004*
Number of trees per ha	0.334 ^S	<0.001*
Stand basal area (m ² ha ^-1)	0.684 ^P	<0.001*
Stand density	0.687 ^P	<0.001*
Total crown biomass (ton ha ^-1)	0.684 ^P	<0.001*
Mean crown diameter (m)	0.169 ^P	0.066 ^ns
Mean crown length (m)	0.158 ^P	0.086 ^ns

Stand characteristics	Homogeneity Test		Analysis of Variance		Groups	n	Mean LAI (m ²m ^-2)	Homogeneous Groups ^a
Stand characteristics	Levene	p	F	p	Groups	n	Mean LAI (m ²m ^-2)	Homogeneous Groups ^a
Age classes	0.444	0.776	1.505	0.205 ^ns	21-40	12	2.17	a
					41-60	21	2.24	a
					61-80	39	2.30	a
					81-100	24	2.22	a
					>100	23	2.65	a
Stand density classes	0.373	0.773	60.360	<0.001 ^*	4.5	35	1.51	a
					7.5	35	2.39	b
					10.5	31	2.75	c
					13.5	18	3.06	d
Site classes	0.516	0.724	2.756	0.031 ^*	I	15	2.44	b
					II	29	2.56	b
					III	33	2.37	b
					IV	37	2.17	b
					V	5	1.55	a

Model	R ² _adj	B	MAE	RMSE	AIC	Parameter	Coefficient
LS-1	0.595	0.00	0.39	0.46	-63.05	b ₀	0.6919 ^**
						b ₁	0.6525 ^***
						b ₂	-0.6511 ^***
LS-2	0.595	0.00	0.39	0.46	-60.59	b ₀	0.7051 ^**
						b ₁	0.6528 ^***
						b ₂	-0.6506 ^***
P-1	0.443	0.00	0.45	0.54	-50.94	b ₀	0.1892 ^**
P-1	0.443	0.00	0.45	0.54	-50.94	b ₁	0.4379 ^***
P-2	0.536	0.00	0.41	0.49	-59.05	b ₀	0.2370 ^***
P-2	0.536	0.00	0.41	0.49	-59.05	b ₁	0.5644 ^***
DS-1	0.600	-0.04	0.38	0.47	-61.22	b ₀	-0.6531 ^ns
						b ₁	0.7589 ^***
						b ₂	-0.7249 ^***
DS-2	0.599	-0.04	0.38	0.47	-61.10	b ₀	-1.1996 ^***
						b ₁	0.7596 ^***
						b ₂	-0.4817 ^***
DS-3	0.620	0.00	0.36	0.45	-63.88	b ₀	0.0475 ^*
						b ₁	0.5859 ^***
						b ₂	0.3448 ^**
						b ₃	1.6271 ^***
D-1	0.631	0.00	0.36	0.44	-67.25	b ₀	-2.2948 ^***
						b ₁	1.3105 ^***
						b ₂	0.6188 ^**
D-2	0.630	0.00	0.35	0.44	-65.09	b ₀	-1.9037 ^**
						b ₁	0.3955 ^***
						b ₂	0.6365 ^**
						b ₃	-0.0134 ^*
D-3	0.635	-0.05	0.35	0.45	-63.38	b ₀	-2.1683 ^***
						b ₁	0.9977 ^***
						b ₂	0.3587 ^**
						b ₃	-0.0027 ^*
D-4	0.596	0.04	0.37	0.45	-65.66	b ₀	-13.4404 ^***
						b ₁	6.0173 ^***
						b ₂	2.2401 ^*

Model	R _i ( R ² _adj)	R _i ( B)	R _i ( MAE)	R _i ( RMSE)	R _i ( AIC)	Total R _i	Overall Rank
LS-1	2.88	1.00	4.60	2.80	3.32	14.59	3.19
LS-2	2.88	1.00	4.60	2.80	4,68	15.95	3.54
P-1	10.00	1.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	41.00	10.00
P-2	5.64	1.00	6.40	5.50	5.48	24.02	5.62
DS-2	2.69	8.20	3.70	3.70	4.39	22.68	5.28
DS-3	1.70	1.00	1.90	1.90	2.86	9.36	1.84
D-1	1.19	1.00	1.90	1.00	1.00	6.09	1.00
D-2	1.23	1.00	1.00	1.00	2.19	6.43	1.09
D-3	1.00	10.00	1.00	1.90	3.14	17.04	3.82
D-4	2.83	8.20	2.80	1.90	1.88	17.61	3.97

UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento de Ciências Florestais - Cx. P. 3037, 37200-000 Lavras - MG Brasil, Tel.: (55 35) 3829-1706, Fax: (55 35) 3829-1411 - Lavras - MG - Brazil
E-mail: cerne@dcf.ufla.br

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[1] ✤Corresponding author e-mail batinyer@istanbul.edu.tr