Factors affecting some properties on surface of thermowood material applied with water-based varnishes modifed with nanoparticles

Karamanoğlu, Mehmet; Kesik, Haci İsmail

doi:10.1590/01047760202127012886

ABSTRACT

Background:

The aim of this study is to determine the surface roughness and adhesion strength of water-based varnishes modified with nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) and hollow ceramic spherical (HCS) against accelerated UV aging effect in some ThermoWood materials. For this purpose, American ash (Fraxinus americana) and scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky) wood were heat treated at a temperature of 190 °C for 1.5 hours and 212 °C for 2 hours. The heat-treated samples were applied with two-component water-based varnishes, with D70 - D99 commercial codes, modified with 1%, 3% and 5% ZnO and HCS nanoparticles individually then these samples were subjected to accelerated aging for 240 hours according to ASTM G154ASTM G154. Standard practice for operating fluorescent ultraviolet (UV) lamp apparatus for exposure of nonmetallic materials. 2016. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.. The surface roughness of varnish layers was determined by TS 6956 EN ISO 4287TS 6956 EN ISO 4287/A1. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - surface texture: profile method - terms, definitions and surface texture parameters - amendment 1: peak count number. 2013./A1 and surface adhesion strength by ASTM D4541ASTM D4541. Standard test method for pull-off strength of coatings using portable adhesion testers. 2017. West Conshohocken, PA. principles.

Results:

The results showed that the nanoparticles generally decreased the surface roughness and adhesion strength in water based varnishes. But surface roughness increased in additives of 5% HCS in D99 and 1% ZnO in D70. Also adhesion strength increased in additives of 5% ZnO and 1% and 5% HCS in D70.

Conclusion:

The layer properties of water-based varnishes can be improved with ZnO and HCS nanoparticles against aging effects.

Keywords:
ZnO; ceramic sphere; surface roughness; adhesion strength.

HIGHLIGHTS

ZnO and HCS nanoparticles improved the surface roughness and adhesion strength of water-based varnish on Thermowood.

ZnO and HCS addition decresed surface roughness in water-based varnishes.

The addition of ZnO leads to poor adhesion strength according to HCS.

Water-based varnishes can be improved with ZnO and HCS.

[1] ✤ mkaramanoglu@kastamonu.edu.tr

Wood Type	Width (cm)	Length (cm)	Thickness (cm)
Ash	13-15	120-200	2.5-3
Pine	14-15	300-320	5-6

Varnishes	Properties of the Varnishes
	pH	Density (g/cm³)	Viscosity (sn./DINCup 4mm/20 ^oC)	Solid Material Percentage (%)	Application Conditions
	pH	Density (g/cm³)	Viscosity (sn./DINCup 4mm/20 ^oC)	Solid Material Percentage (%)	Amount of Varnish (g/m²)	Nozzle Gap (mm)	Air Pressure (Atm/Bar)
D70 Filling	7.7	1.30	24	32.23	87	1	2
D70 Control	7.7	1.15	23	31.92	88	1	2
D70 1% ZnO	9.2	1.22	23	32.25	87	1	2
D70 3% ZnO	9.5	1.29	24	32.88	85	1	2
D70 5% ZnO	9.8	1.25	24	35.73	78	1	2
D70 1% HCS	8	1.18	23	32.2	87	1	2
D70 3% HCS	8.2	1.1	24	31.95	88	1	2
D70 5% HCS	8.4	1.2	24	32.35	87	1	2
D99 Filling	7.9	1.35	24	30.88	91	1	2
D99 Control	8	1.28	23	40.07	70	1	2
D99 1% ZnO	9.4	1.25	23	38.28	73	1	2
D99 3% ZnO	9.6	1.23	24	37.76	74	1	2
D99 5% ZnO	9.9	1.15	24	36.75	76	1	2
D99 1% HCS	8.2	1.18	23	37.7	74	1	2
D99 3% HCS	8.5	1.2	24	37.37	75	1	2
D99 5% HCS	8.9	1.1	24	30.97	91	1	2

	(Ra*)		(Rz*)		Adhesion Strength
Factor	F Value	Level of Significant	F Value	Level of Significant	F Value	Level of Significant
Wood type (A)	1334.503	0.000*	3188.104	0.000*	4262.132	0.000*
Heat treatment (B)	55.136	0.000*	119.892	0.000*	2240.871	0.000*
Varnish type (C)	51.301	0.000*	90.167	0.000*	91.072	0.000*
Aging period (D)	14.086	0.000*	15.701	0.000*	89.964	0.000*
Interaction (AB)	25.700	0.000*	58.266	0.000*	70.098	0.000*
Interaction (AC)	11.060	0.000*	28.443	0.000*	57.356	0.000*
Interaction (AD)	3.589	0.058 **	8.510	0.004*	70.987	0.000*
Interaction (BC)	4.419	0.000*	8.831	0.000*	17.823	0.000*
Interaction (BD)	3.345	0.036*	2.314	0.099**	3.041	0.048*
Interaction (CD)	3.412	0.000*	5.213	0.000*	44.575	0.000*
Interaction (ABC)	3.722	0.000*	9.398	0.000*	14.743	0.000*
Interaction (ABD)	4.459	0.012*	4.408	0.012*	5.872	0.003*
Interaction (ACD)	4.152	0.000*	8.721	0.000*	38.691	0.000*
Interaction (BCD)	1.976	0.002*	3.092	0.000*	16.983	0.000*
Interaction (ABCD)	1.634	0.023*	3.152	0.000*	18.474	0.000*

Wood Type (A)	Varnish Type (C)	Aging Period (D)	Heat Treatment (B)
			Control		190 ^oC		212 ^oC
				HG		HG		HG
Pine	D70 Control	Control	1.56	v-14a	1.95	r-14a	2.71	h-14a
	D70 Control	240 h	2.21	n-14a	2.24	n-14a	2.68	h-14a
	D70 1% ZnO	Control	0.85	12a-14a	1.31	2a-14a	2.19	o-14a
	D70 1% ZnO	240 h	0.93	9a-14a	1.36	2a-14a	1.48	z-14a
	D70 3% ZnO	Control	1.93	s-14a	3.01	e-14a	3.33	b-7a
	D70 3% ZnO	240 h	2.08	p-14a	2.56	j-14a	2.97	e-14a
	D70 5% ZnO	Control	2.73	g-14a	3.90	Y-y	3.87	Z-y
	D70 5% ZnO	240 h	3.23	c-11a	3.35	b-6a	4.30	T-s
	D70 1% HCS	Control	1.04	6a-14a	1.48	z-14a	2.03	p-14a
	D70 1% HCS	240 h	1.27	3a-14a	1.91	t-14a	2.42	l-14a
	D70 3% HCS	Control	1.85	u-14a	2.00	r-14a	1.89	t-14a
	D70 3% HCS	240 h	0.97	7a-14a	1.31	2a-14a	2.31	m-14a
	D70 5% HCS	Control	0.90	10a-14a	1.56	y-14a	1.38	2a-14a
	D70 5% HCS	240 h	1.47	1a-14a	1.16	5a-14a	2.11	p-14a
	D99 Control	Control	1.98	r-14a	2.39	l-14a	2.97	e-14a
	D99 Control	240 h	3.05	d-14a	3.24	c-11a	3.44	b-5a
	D99 1% ZnO	Control	1.02	6a-14a	1.09	5a-14a	1.90	t-14a
	D99 1% ZnO	240 h	1.35	2a-14a	1.47	1a-14a	2.08	p-14a
	D99 3% ZnO	Control	0.94	8a-14a	1.21	4a-14a	1.59	v-14a
	D99 3% ZnO	240 h	1.27	3a-14a	2.57	j-14a	2.50	j-14a
	D99 5% ZnO	Control	0.68	14a**	0.97	7a-14a	1.43	1a-14a
	D99 5% ZnO	240 h	0.85	12a-14a	0.87	11a-14a	1.25	4a-14a
	D99 1% HCS	Control	1.31	2a-14a	1.50	z-14a	1.63	v-14a
	D99 1% HCS	240 h	1.19	4a-14a	2.02	p-14a	2.54	j-14a
	D99 3% HCS	Control	0.78	13a14a	1.04	6a-14a	1.60	v-14a
	D99 3% HCS	240 h	0.91	9a-14a	0.91	9a-14a	1.60	v-14a
	D99 5% HCS	Control	3.06	d-14a	3.67	a-2a	3.91	Y-y
	D99 5% HCS	240 h	2.86	f-14a	3.31	b-8a	4.29	T-s
Ash	D70 Control	Control	4.24	T-t	6.84	H-P	7.84	F-J
	D70 Control	240 h	3.93	V-v	6.82	H-P	5.17	M-f
	D70 1% ZnO	Control	2.72	g-14a	6.21	I-Y	7.32	G-N
	D70 1% ZnO	240 h	6.08	I-Z	7.96	E-I	8.77	E-H
	D70 3% ZnO	Control	4.99	O-h	8.07	E-I	10.01	CDE
	D70 3% ZnO	240 h	7.77	F-K	9.58	DEF	9.02	EFG
	D70 5% ZnO	Control	6.71	H-R	12.57	B	6.00	I-Z
	D70 5% ZnO	240 h	9.80	DEF	11.33	BCD	7.11	G-O
	D70 1% HCS	Control	4.30	T-r	5.25	L-e	6.62	H-S
	D70 1% HCS	240 h	4.70	P-l	6.44	I-T	7.37	G-M
	D70 3% HCS	Control	5.07	N-g	6.36	I-U	4.51	R-o
	D70 3% HCS	240 h	3.12	d-13a	5.61	J-b	2.92	e-14a
	D70 5% HCS	Control	4.85	O-j	4.60	P-m	3.78	Z-1a
	D70 5% HCS	240 h	5.37	L-d	5.54	K-c	3.28	c-9a
	D99 Control	Control	4.38	S-p	7.28	G-N	7.47	G-L
	D99 Control	240 h	5.53	K-c	6.64	H-S	6.03	I-Z
	D99 1% ZnO	Control	2.82	f-14a	3.55	b-4a	4.00	V-u
	D99 1% ZnO	240 h	2.74	g-14a	3.63	a-3a	2.90	f-14a
	D99 3% ZnO	Control	3.22	c-12a	5.06	N-g	4.00	V-u
	D99 3% ZnO	240 h	4.96	O-ı	6.23	I-V	3.36	b-6a
	D99 5% ZnO	Control	2.76	g-14a	4.84	O-k	2.61	ı-14a
	D99 5% ZnO	240 h	4.10	U-u	2.64	ı-14a	3.28	c-9a
	D99 1% HCS	Control	3.68	a-2a	4.64	P-m	6.19	I-Y
	D99 1% HCS	240 h	4.68	P-l	5.90	I-a	4.04	V-u
	D99 3% HCS	Control	2.49	k-14a	3.84	Z-z	3.27	c-10a
	D99 3% HCS	240 h	4.26	T-t	4.25	T-t	2.96	e-14a
	D99 5% HCS	Control	4.74	P-l	7.32	G-N	7.32	G-N
	D99 5% HCS	240 h	4.56	P-n	15.64	A*	11.82	BC
LSD± 1,7799

Wood Type (A)	Varnish Type (C)	Aging Period (D)	Heat Treatment (B)
			Control		190 ^oC		212 ^oC
				HG		HG		HG
Pine	D70 Control	Control	8.18	8a-18a	9.99	4a-18a	13.71	t-18a
	D70 Control	240 h	10.41	4a-18a	11.22	1a-18a	13.43	t-18a
	D70 1% ZnO	Control	5.43	17a18a	7.32	11a-18a	11.77	v-18a
	D70 1% ZnO	240 h	5.50	17a18a	7.85	10a-18a	7.88	10a-18a
	D70 3% ZnO	Control	15.51	k-17a	37.42	H-O	20.08	a-1a
	D70 3% ZnO	240 h	16.69	ı-11a	15.13	o-17a	17.48	ı-8a
	D70 5% ZnO	Control	17.74	h-6a	20.41	Z-1a	20.67	Z-z
	D70 5% ZnO	240 h	21.73	Z-u	19.10	d-4a	23.44	U-r
	D70 1% HCS	Control	7.53	11a-18a	7.99	9a-18a	9.28	6a-18a
	D70 1% HCS	240 h	6.41	15a-18a	9.35	6a-18a	10.63	2a-18a
	D70 3% HCS	Control	11.13	1a-18a	10.07	4a-18a	9.63	5a-18a
	D70 3% HCS	240 h	5.32	17a18a	7.16	12a-18a	9.96	4a-18a
	D70 5% HCS	Control	4.60	18a**	7.49	11a-18a	7.93	9a-18a
	D70 5% HCS	240 h	8.09	8a-18a	6.62	14a-18a	10.47	3a-18a
	D99 Control	Control	11.53	z-18a	15.32	m-17a	15.71	j-16a
	D99 Control	240 h	16.31	ı-12a	17.32	ı-9a	17.64	h-7a
	D99 1% ZnO	Control	7.09	12a-18a	8.32	7a-18a	10.22	4a-18a
	D99 1% ZnO	240 h	13.38	t-18a	15.76	j-15a	16.69	ı-11a
	D99 3% ZnO	Control	8.29	7a-18a	10.13	4a-18a	11.26	1a-18a
	D99 3% ZnO	240 h	9.91	4a-18a	15.25	n-17a	14.16	s-17a
	D99 5% ZnO	Control	6.15	16a-18a	7.27	11a-18a	10.15	4a-18a
	D99 5% ZnO	240 h	5.17	17a18a	5.46	17a18a	7.53	11a-18a
	D99 1% HCS	Control	11.59	y-18a	14.36	p-17a	12.80	u-18a
	D99 1% HCS	240 h	9.26	6a-18a	13.53	t-18a	15.39	l-17a
	D99 3% HCS	Control	5.61	17a18a	6.76	13a-18a	9.69	5a-18a
	D99 3% HCS	240 h	6.42	15a-18a	6.61	14a-18a	11.10	1a-18a
	D99 5% HCS	Control	15.31	m-17a	18.31	f-6a	19.02	d-5a
	D99 5% HCS	240 h	16.06	ı-13a	18.31	f-6a	21.11	Z-u
Ash	D70 Control	Control	24.56	T-n	46.66	EFG	47.26	EF
	D70 Control	240 h	22.98	V-s	43.83	E-I	32.52	K-U
	D70 1% ZnO	Control	18.10	g-6a	40.84	F-L	47.49	EF
	D70 1% ZnO	240 h	43.12	F-I	57.70	BCD	51.91	DE
	D70 3% ZnO	Control	32.52	K-U	44.02	E-I	56.60	CB
	D70 3% ZnO	240 h	46.24	E-H	64.42	BC	62.87	BC
	D70 5% ZnO	Control	37.60	H-O	85.02	A*	39.14	F-M
	D70 5% ZnO	240 h	60.10	BC	79.26	A*	41.15	F-K
	D70 1% HCS	Control	28.08	P-e	33.83	J-R	35.61	I-P
	D70 1% HCS	240 h	29.41	N-Z	42.69	F-J	43.18	F-I
	D70 3% HCS	Control	33.71	K-S	43.91	E-I	31.88	L-V
	D70 3% HCS	240 h	20.79	Z-z	40.12	F-M	18.95	e-5a
	D70 5% HCS	Control	38.11	G-N	32.98	K-T	24.66	T-m
	D70 5% HCS	240 h	31.17	M-Y	41.29	F-K	23.56	U-p
	D99 Control	Control	24.70	T-l	39.17	F-M	37.72	H-O
	D99 Control	240 h	27.79	P-e	35.04	I-P	33.92	J-R
	D99 1% ZnO	Control	19.86	b-2a	26.77	P-h	23.62	U-p
	D99 1% ZnO	240 h	15.56	k-17a	24.35	T-o	22.37	Y-t
	D99 3% ZnO	Control	19.75	c-3a	29.00	O-c	24.47	T-o
	D99 3% ZnO	240 h	27.51	P-f	37.30	H-O	20.88	Z-y
	D99 5% ZnO	Control	21.49	Z-u	29.29	N-a	17.07	ı-10a
	D99 5% ZnO	240 h	22.05	Y-u	20.93	Z-v	24.34	T-o
	D99 1% HCS	Control	24.59	T-n	29.04	O-b	37.20	I-O
	D99 1% HCS	240 h	28.25	P-d	37.36	H-O	27.12	P-G
	D99 3% HCS	Control	16.02	j-14a	24.78	S-K	23.24	V-r
	D99 3% HCS	240 h	25.02	R-j	29.30	N-a	20.13	a-1a
	D99 5% HCS	Control	25.40	R-ı	39.17	F-M	39.76	F-M
	D99 5% HCS	240 h	24.97	R-j	43.45	F-I	64.90	B
LSD± 7,1550

Brasil