Digital citizenship and democracy: an evaluation model for public digital inclusion initiatives

HADDAD, Samir Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/2236-9996.2025-6368006-pt

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Original Article • Cad. Metropole 27 (63) • May-Aug 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-9996.2025-6368006-en linkcopy

Digital citizenship and democracy: an evaluation model for public digital inclusion initiatives

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article investigates themes, factors, and dimensions that could potentially integrate evaluation models for citizenship exercise into digital inclusion programs and spaces. It is a quantitative study conducted in Telecenters located in the city of Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Correlational statistical models were used for the analyses. The results led to the development of a universal conceptual model. This model encompasses various dimensions of digital inclusion and contributes to the assessment of the impacts of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the democratization of digital citizenship, focusing on the Telecenters Program in Brazil.

Keywords
democracy; digital citizenship; digital inclusion; Telecenters; evaluation

Managemen	Telecenter typology	Active Telecenters
Managemen	Telecenter typology	N.	%
NGOs/Associations	Community	52	17,2
BH City Hall - SMED	IT Labs in municipal public schools	172	57,0
BH City Hall - FMC	Cultural Centers	16	5,3
BH City Hall - Prodabel	CRC	2	0,7
BH City Hall - SMED	IT Labs in vocational schools	3	1,0
BH City Hall - SMPL	BH Cidadania, CRAS, etc.	41	13,6
Others	Various	19	6,3
Total		302	100

Dimensions associated to the Telecenter		Contributions of the ICTs						Feelings towards the ICTs			Internet
Dimensions associated to the Telecenter		Social Exclusion²	Training and Communication¹¹	Dependency²	Up-dating/social integration¹	Social participation and politcs¹	Conciousness¹	Autonomy¹	Restlessness²	Know-how¹	Opportunity¹	Threat²
Telecenter	Training/ Learning	-0,230***	0,457***	-0,076	0,352***	0,347***	0,343***	0,345***	-0,147**	0,438***	0,415***	-0,163***
	Accessibility/ Integration	-0,181***	0,346***	-0,052	0,322***	0,329***	0,304***	0,274***	-0,151**	0,337***	0,404***	-0,075
	Reconversion/ Intervention	-0,191***	0,405***	0,002	0,399***	0,308***	0,316***	0,328***	-0,085	0,398***	0,470***	-0,106*
	Optimization	-0,015	0,079	-0,052	0,235***	0,196***	0,101*	0,227***	0,069	0,134**	0,178***	0,041
Reasons for attending or not	Socialization	-0,083	0,307***	-0,045	0,248***	0,220***	0,250***	0,280***	-0,080	0,245***	0,320***	-0,115*
	Lack of knowledge	0,093	0,065	0,111*	0,046	0,172***	0,108*	0,019	0,139**	0,010	0,076	0,144**
	Restrictions	0,077	-0,181***	0,131**	0,061	-0,076	-0,032	-0,048	0,193***	-0,132**	-0,116*	0,184***
	Digital accessibility	-0,143**	0,256***	-0,079	0,197***	0,142**	0,228***	0,264***	-0,128**	0,285***	0,326***	-0,102*
	Digital inaccessibility	0,039	0,025	-0,090*	0,018	0,049	0,034	0,034	0,081	0,028	0,038	0,017
Activities	Active participation	-0,024	0,028	-0,025	0,205***	0,127**	0,025	0,235***	0,101*	0,127**	0,149**	0,068
	Searching and sharing information	-0,167***	0,281***	-0,054	0,271***	0,208***	0,200***	0,325***	-0,045	0,385***	0,287***	-0,094*
	Leisure	-0,140**	0,059	-0,137**	0,173***	0,050	0,054	0,221***	0,025	0,148**	0,114*	0,006
	Development	-0,106*	0,223***	-0,078	0,202***	0,142**	0,124**	0,202***	-0,036	0,230***	0,170***	-0,119**
	Communication	-0,022	0,059	0,028	0,212***	0,133**	0,088	0,256***	-0,005	0,214***	0,196***	0,004
Manager	Community promotion	-0,129**	0,330***	0,018	0,392***	0,334***	0,219***	0,339***	-0,012	0,298***	0,368***	-0,062
Manager	Community service	-0,082	0,158**	0,004	0,319***	0,290***	0,174***	0,289***	0,023	0,193***	0,264***	-0,014
Improvements	Development	-0,131**	0,303***	-0,044	0,298***	0,205***	0,262***	0,240***	-0,037	0,264***	0,276***	-0,099*
	Quality maintenance	-0,088	0,311***	-0,067	0,292***	0,245***	0,257***	0,213***	-0,004	0,243***	0,372***	-0,081
	Extension	0,006	0,243***	0,023	0,236***	0,304***	0,200***	0,218***	0,102*	0,217***	0,317***	0,021
	Service expansion	-0,058	0,197***	-0,031	0,270***	0,173***	0,177***	0,188***	-0,012	0,181***	0,233***	-0,021

Dimensions associated to the ICTs		Internet
Dimensions associated to the ICTs		Oportunities1	Threats2
Contributions	Social exclusion	0,014	0,652***
	Training and communication	0,562***	-0,143**
	Dependency	0,068	0,413***
	Updating and social integration	0,546***	-0,090
	Social and political participation	0,524***	0,202***
	Social consciousness	0,491***	-0,076
Feelings	Autonomy	0,377***	-0,099*
	Restlessness	-0,012	0,453***
	Know-how	0,420***	-0,069

TIC		Citizenship
		(Active) Digital citizenship			(Passive) Citizenship
		Social interaction	Digital access	Digital literacy	Social rights	Civil rights	Political rights
ICT Contributions	Social exclusion	-0,173***	-0,093*	-0,120*	-0,130**	-0,162**	-0,146**
	Training and communication	0,485***	0,385***	0,443***	0,324***	0,385***	0,434***
	Dependency	-0,057	-0,001	-0,066	-0,005	-0,042	-0,052
	Updating and social integration	0,470***	0,338***	0,380***	0,366***	0,390***	0,408***
	Social and political participation	0,414***	0,300***	0,325***	0,222***	0,287***	0,398***
	Social consciousness	0,420***	0,339***	0,349***	0,290***	0,343***	0,377***
ICT Feelings	Autonomy	0,359***	0,315***	0,320***	0,263***	0,291***	0,325***
	Restlessness	-0,144**	-0,147**	-0,154***	-0,152**	-0,145**	-0,105*
	Know-how	0,407***	0,384***	0,336***	0,264***	0,303***	0,331***
Internet	Opportunity	0,601***	0,499***	0,543***	0,425***	0,471***	0,576***
Internet	Threat	-0,100*	-0,024	-0,074	-0,117**	-0,109*	-0,045

(Active) digital citizenship	(Passive) citizenship
(Active) digital citizenship	Social Rights	Civil Rights	Political Rights
Social interaction	0,526***	0,592***	0,684***
Access to digital technologies	0,464***	0,499***	0,533***
Digital literacy	0,395***	0,433***	0,522***

Dimensions of the Telecenter		Citizenship
		(Active) Digital citizenship			Passive citizenship
		Social interaction	Digital access	Digital literacy	Social rights	Civil rights	Political rights
Telecenter	Training and learning	0,543***	0,406***	0,387***	0,482***	0,522***	0,519***
	Accessibility and integration	0,540***	0,367***	0,366***	0,404***	0,462***	0,435***
	Reconversion and intervention	0,529***	0,386***	0,441***	0,420***	0,458***	0,493***
	Optimization	0,236***	0,066	0,168***	0,153**	0,198***	0,210***
Reasons for attending the Telecenter or not	Socialization	0,295***	0,159***	0,281***	0,196***	0,229***	0,279***
	Lack of knowledge	0,086	0,058	0,029	0,066	0,063	0,108*
	Restrictions	-0,140**	-0,153**	-0,148**	-0,050	-0,093*	-0,073
	Digital accessibility	0,257***	0,219***	0,215***	0,213***	0,290***	0,315***
	Digital inaccessibility	0,006	-0,071	0,030	-0,042	-0,040	0,014
Activities	Active participation	0,166***	0,035	0,150**	0,029	0,074	0,187***
	Information searching and sharing	0,369***	0,231***	0,279***	0,235***	0,312***	0,379***
	Leisure	0,160***	0,026	0,143**	0,026	0,104*	0,161***
	Development	0,230***	0,092*	0,173***	0,170***	0,230***	0,268***
	Communication	0,196***	0,155***	0,171***	0,122**	0,152**	0,215***
Manager’s role	Community promotion	0,430***	0,265***	0,378***	0,309***	0,299***	0,407***
Manager’s role	Community service	0,270***	0,181***	0,306***	0,175***	0,181***	0,294***
Improvements	Development	0,371***	0,230***	0,281***	0,265***	0,322***	0,388***
	Maintenance and quality	0,467***	0,372***	0,333***	0,303***	0,378***	0,470***
	Extention	0,346***	0,281***	0,296***	0,225***	0,262***	0,377***
	Service expansion	0,320***	0,252***	0,255***	0,246***	0,312***	0,348***

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Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Rua Ministro de Godói, 969 - 4° andar - sala 4E20 - Perdizes, 05015-001 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil , Telefone: (55-11) 94148.9100 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[TFN1001] Pearson correlations –A statistical significance: p < 0.050*; p < 0.010 **; p < 0.001***

[TFN2001] Significance: borderline statistic; orange color: negative; gray color: positive.

[3] Source: Haddad, 2019.