Communication-related aspects of prospective memory: an exploratory factor analysis of prospective memory questionnaires

D’Souza, Dasmine Fraclita; Bajaj, Gagan; Kotian, Himani; Moolambally, Sheetal Raj; Bhat, Jayashree S.

doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20242023233en

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Original Article • CoDAS 36 (4) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20242023233en copy

Communication-related aspects of prospective memory: an exploratory factor analysis of prospective memory questionnaires

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Prospective memory (PM) questionnaires are frequently used to evaluate perceptions of PM skills in daily life. This study aimed to systematically investigate communication-specific attributes using pre-existing PM self-rating questionnaires to inform clinicians and researchers about the role of PM in cognitive communicative evaluations.

Methods

PM-related items from three questionnaires (i.e., Prospective Memory Questionnaire, Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory, and Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire) were compiled and embedded in Google Forms and distributed to 70 Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) with expertise in Cognitive Communicative Disorders across India. Participants first identified items related to communication, and were then contacted to rate the communication-related PM items using a Likert scale for their degree of appropriateness. Responses from 40 SLPs were obtained and subjected to item-content validity index (i-CVI) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

Results

Of the 114 PM items, 28 received ratings over 50% for their relevance to communication. Of the 28 items, 21 had an i-CVI score greater than 0.8. After the removal of overlapping content, 14 items were finalized and subjected to EFA, which resulted in four factors: PM failure due to loss of communicative content, PM failure due to loss of communicative intent, PM cost due to ongoing interference, and PM failure linked to the priority of communicative intent.

Conclusion

This study highlights communication-related aspects of PM that can be used as a framework for SLPs to assess and research PM skills.

Keywords
Prospective Memory; Self-perception; Questionnaire; Communication; Speech Language Pathology

Participant demographics	Speech-Language Pathologist
Gender
Male	4
Female	36

Age
Mean	28.53 years
SD	2.84 years

Work set up
Academic	12
Hospital	10
Private practice	9
Freelance	1
Academic & Hospital	4
Private Practice & Hospital	2
Private Practice, Academic & Hospital	2

Questionnaire	Item description	Frequency of appropriateness ratings					i-CVI
Questionnaire	Item description	1	2	3	4	5	i-CVI
PRMQ	“Do you decide to do something in a few minutes time and then forget to do it?”	1	2	6	11	20	0.8
	“Do you fail to mention or give something to a visitor that you were asked to pass on?”	2	2	5	9	22	0.8
	“If you tried to contact a friend or relative who was out, would you forget to try again later?”	1	4	7	9	19	0.7
	“Do you forget to tell someone something they had meant to mention a few minutes ago?”	1	6	2	11	20	0.8
CAPM	“Forgetting to pass on a message”	1	1	1	9	28	0.9
	“Forgetting to make a telephone call you intended to make”	3	0	3	11	23	0.9
	“Arriving at a shop and forgetting what you planned to buy”	1	1	3	12	23	0.9
	“Forgetting to mention a point you intended to make during a conversation”	1	1	5	12	21	0.8
	“Not remembering to pay bills”	4	0	2	16	18	0.9
	“Forgetting to meet a friend at the pre-arranged time”	2	2	3	9	24	0.8
	“When I forget to do something I had planned to do, it is usually because I forgot what I actually had to do”	4	1	6	7	22	0.7
	“I frequently forget to do things that other people have asked me to do”	1	3	5	8	23	0.8
	“I frequently forget to do things that I have planned to do”	2	5	5	8	20	0.7
	“I rely on other people to remind me when I have to remember to do things”	3	2	8	9	18	0.7
	“If I am engrossed in another task, I find it difficult to remember to do things”	2	1	6	14	17	0.8
	“Sometimes even though I remember that something has to be done, I forget to do it if I am interrupted (e.g., by a telephone call or by a person)”	3	0	7	12	18	0.8
PMQ	“I missed appointments I had scheduled”	5	4	1	9	21	0.8
	“I forgot to make an important phone call”	2	4	3	8	23	0.8
	“I told someone something that I did not mean to tell”	5	3	9	10	13	0.6
	“I forgot to pass on a message to someone”	2	2	2	8	26	0.9
	“I forgot to return a phone call”	3	1	6	10	20	0.8
	“I forgot to write an important letter”	5	3	4	7	21	0.7
	“I forgot to pay the bill when finishing a meal at a restaurant”	4	3	1	10	22	0.8
	“I forgot what I wanted to say in the middle of a sentence”	1	2	3	10	24	0.9
	“I forgot to say something important I had in mind at the beginning of a conversation”	1	2	3	12	22	0.9
	“I dialled someone on the phone and forgot who I had called by the time they answered”	3	5	3	6	23	0.7
	“I started writing a note or letter and forgot what I wanted to say”	3	6	1	9	21	0.8
	“I started to write a check and forgot to whom it was to be paid”	4	3	2	7	24	0.8

Questionnaire	Items	Factor loading
Factor 1: PM failure due to loss of communicative content
PMQ	“I started writing a note or letter and forgot what I wanted to say”	.848
PMQ	“I forgot to say something important I had in mind at the beginning of a conversation”	.843
PMQ	“I forgot what I wanted to say in the middle of a sentence”	.815
CAPM	“Arriving at a shop and forgetting what you planned to buy”	.744
Factor 2: PM failure due to loss of communicative intent
CAPM	“Forgetting to make a telephone call you intended to make”	.537
CAPM	“Not remembering to pay bills”	.845
CAPM	“Forgetting to meet a friend at the pre-arranged time”	.756
CAPM	“Forgetting to pass on a message”	.610
Factor 3: PM cost due to ongoing interference
CAPM	“If I am engrossed in another task, I find it difficult to remember to do things”	.904
CAPM	“Sometimes even though I remember that something has to be done, I forget to do it if I am interrupted (e.g., by a telephone call or by a person)”	.727
PRMQ	“Do you decide to do something in a few minutes time and then forget to do it?”	.675
Factor 4: PM failure linked to the priority of the communicative intent
PRMQ	“Do you forget to tell someone something they had meant to mention a few minutes ago?”	.884
PRMQ	“Do you fail to mention or give something to a visitor that you were asked to pass on?”	.730
CAPM	“I frequently forget to do things that other people have asked me to do”	.620

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[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.