Environmental resources, types of toys, and family practices that enhance child cognitive development

Pereira, Leiziane; Guedes, Sabrina da Conceição; Morais, Rosane Luzia de Souza; Nobre, Juliana Nogueira Pontes; Santos, Juliana Nunes

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Original Article • CoDAS 33 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20202019128 copy

Environmental resources, types of toys, and family practices that enhance child cognitive development

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To identify the factors associated with the cognitive development of children from 24 to 42 months of age, as well as to characterize the availability of toys and resources present in the family environment, and the parental practices that signal family stability.

Methods

Cross-sectional analytical study conducted with children regularly enrolled in public and private educational institutions of a medium-sized city. Cognitive development was assessed by means of the Bayley test and the quality of the environment was evaluated using the Adapted Family Environment Resource Inventory (FERI). The children were allocated into two groups based on the cognitive test result and compared regarding activities performed at home; reports of outings and trips in the last year; presence of regular scheduled activities; activities developed with parents; toys the child has or has had; presence of newspapers, magazines, and books at home; the person responsible for monitoring the child during day-care; and routines of the child and family.

Results

Of the 104 children evaluated, 72% were enrolled in the public education network and 69% belonged to economic classes C and D. Regarding cognitive development, 55% had above-average development. In the bivariate analysis, it was observed that greater availability of toys and materials for the child and higher economic levels were related to better scores on the cognitive development test. These remained as predictors of cognitive development in binary logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion

Greater availability of resources in the family environment and economic levels were positively associated with cognitive development in children.

Keywords
Child Development; Play and Playthings; Family Relations; Preschool; Parenting

		Cognitive Development				Chi-squared test	p-value
		Below average (n=47)		Medium or higher (n=57)
		n	%	n	%
Sex	Female	20	42.6%	31	54.4%	1.44	0.230
Sex	Male	27	57.4%	26	45.6%	1.44	0.230
Economic level	A, B, C1	14	29.8%	36	63.2%	11.49	0.001^* * Statistically significant
Economic level	C2, D, E	33	70.2%	21	36.8%	11.49	0.001^* * Statistically significant
Maternal education	Primary Education	35	83.3%	31	54.4%	9.11	0.003*
Maternal education	Higher Education	07	16.7%	26	45.6%	9.11	0.003*
Type of daycare	Private	5	10.6%	24	42.1%	12.68	< 0.001*
Type of daycare	Public	42	89.4%	33	57.9%	12.68	< 0.001*
Paternal education	Primary Education	37	92.5%	34	64.2%	10.1	0.001*
Paternal education	Higher Education	03	7.5%	19	35.8%	10.1	0.001*

		Cognitive Development						Mann-Whitney test
		Below average (n=47)			Medium or higher (n=57)			Mann-Whitney test
	Maximum possiblescore	Median	1st Quartile	3rd Quartile	Median	1st Quartile	3rd Quartile	p vallue
Activities performed by the child at home	6.00	3.0	2.0	3.5	2.0	2.0	3.0	0.154
Outings and trips	19.00	3.0	2.0	5.0	5.0	3.0	7.0	0.016^* * Statistically significant
Scheduled activities	8.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.154
Parents' activities with children at home	10.00	6.00	5.0	7.0	6.00	5.0	8.0	0.131
Child's Toys	18.00	8.0	6.0	12.0	11.00	8.0	14.0	0.003*
Presence of newspapers and magazines at home	7.00	1.00	0.00	1.00	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.367
Presence of books at home	7.00	3.00	2.0	4.0	3.00	2.0	5.0	0.364
Accompaniment of the child in the daycare center	12.00	8.00	7.0	8.0	8.00	8.0	10.0	0.169
Appropriate time for activities	12.00	8.00	6.0	10.0	8.00	5.5	10.0	0.660
Family gatherings	12.00	9.0	7.0	10.0	9.0	7.5	10.0	0.744

Independent variables
Independent variables	b ± S.E	OR	CI (95%)a	p-value
Family environment features	3.68 ± 1.65	39.86	1.54-1028.6	0.026^* * p= significance level ˂ 0.05
Economic level	1.08 ± 0.54	2.96	1.02-8.63	0.046*
Outings and trips	0.85 ± 1.75	0.43	0.14-13.79	0.636
Paternal education	0.17 ± 0.69	1.19	0.30-8.63	0.800

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[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.