Family resources and school performance: an analysis of associated factors in middle school adolescents

Silva, Rebeca Mota Cabral e; Fernandes, Graziela Nunes Alfenas; Escarce, Andrezza Gonzalez; Lemos, Stela Maris Aguiar

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Original Article • CoDAS 34 (2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20212021058 copy

Family resources and school performance: an analysis of associated factors in middle school adolescents

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To verify the association between family resources, sociodemographic aspects, and school performance in middle school students.

Methods

Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample stratified by sex, age, and grade in school. A total of 124 adolescents of both sexes, aged 11 to 14 years, enrolled in a private middle school participated in the study. We sent to their parents/guardians an online form with the Home Environment Resources Scale (HER), Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB), and sociodemographic questions. The school performance was furnished by the institution. We used frequency distribution analysis of categorical variables and measures of central tendency and dispersion of the continuous ones. We used the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient tests and set the significance level at p ≤ 0.05.

Results

Most of the sample was 11 years old, females, sixth graders, with very good school performance, belonging to social class A, and whose householder had a bachelor’s degree. Age and grade in school were associated with interaction with the parents, “family-school connection”, and total HER score. The “proximal processes” had a moderate positive correlation with outings and toys. There was a moderate positive correlation between total HER score and “predictable activities that indicate stability”. The “proximal processes” had a strong positive correlation with “family-school connection”. There was a weak positive correlation between books available at home and school performance.

Conclusion

The family resources were related to the adolescents’ school performance.

Keywords
Adolescent; Academic Performance; Family; Social Class; Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences

	Variables	N	Mean	SD	Median	Minimum	Q₁	Q₃	Maximum
Raw HER score
	Out-of-school activities	124	2.97	1.26	3.00	1.00	2.00	4.00	6.00
	Previous year’s outings	124	9.27	3.05	9.00	3.00	7.00	12.00	16.00
	Regular scheduled activities	124	2.38	0.83	2.00	1.00	2.00	3.00	4.00
Prox. Proc.	Activities with the parents	124	6.00	1.78	6.00	2.00	5.00	7.00	10.00
	Toys they have or used to have	124	16.23	2.44	17.00	5.00	16.00	18.00	19.00
	Newspapers and magazines available at home	124	1.35	1.12	1.00	0.00	0.00	2.00	4.00
	Books available at home	124	5.44	1.23	6.00	2.00	5.00	6.00	8.00
F/S	Schoolwork follow-up	124	11.66	3.88	12.00	0.00	9.00	14.00	18.00
	Routine and schedule	124	12.33	2.37	12.00	6.00	11.00	14.00	16.00
Stability	Family time during the week	124	8.76	1.73	9.00	1.00	8.00	10.00	12.00
	Total score	124	76.40	10.77	77.50	48.00	69.00	84.00	102.00
Relative Prox. Proc. score
	Out-of-school activities	124	4.58	1.97	5.00	1.43	2.86	5.71	8.57
	Previous year’s outings	124	5.12	1.66	5.00	1.67	3.89	6.58	8.89
	Regular scheduled activities	124	2.88	1.00	2.50	1.11	2.50	3.75	5.00
	Activities with the parents	124	5.96	1.78	6.00	2.00	5.00	7.00	10.00
	Toys they have or used to have	124	8.98	1.36	9.44	2.78	8.89	10.00	10.00
	Newspapers and magazines available at home	124	1.85	1.52	1.43	0.00	0.00	2.86	5.71
	Books available at home	124	7.70	1.66	7.50	2.86	7.14	8.57	10.00

	Sex					Age (years)				Grade				Householder educational level		CCEB					School performance
Variables
	Fem.		Mal.	11		12	13	14	6^th	7^th	8^th	9^th		Up to I.H.E.		B.D.	A		B		Exc.		Good	Mod.
Proximal
Processes
Mean	44.12		43.11	47.26		42.10	43.53	41.07	46.13	42.41	44.23	40.67		38.67		43.96	44.02		42.90		45.07		43.92	41.11
Median	45.00		43.00	47.00		43.00	44.00	42.00	47.00	44.00	44.00	40.50		39.50		45.00	45.00		44.00		45.00		45.00	43.00
Standard deviation	6.96		7.76	5.47		7.91	8.05	6.34	6.40	7.64	7.81	6.70		12.18		6.99	7.29		7.43		4.46		7.31	8.94
p-value	0.473¹		0.002²*					0.013²*				0.325¹				0.340¹				0.413²
Family-School
Mean	11.36		12.02	13.26		12.26	11.31	9.50	13.23	11.71	10.81	9.92		9.83	11.75		11.43		12.12		12.20		11.57	11.67
Median	12.00		13.00	14.00		13.00	12.00	9.50	14.00	12.00	12.00	11.50		11.00	12.00		12.00		13.00		12.00		12.00	12.00
Standard deviation	4.00		3.74	3.72		3.12	4.25	3.48	3.57	3.51	4.33	3.57		6.01	3.78		4.07		3.48		3.36		4.00	3.84
p-value	0.269¹		0.001²*					0.003²^* * = p ≤ 0.05				0.800¹				0.447¹				0.959²
Stability
Mean	20.88		21.33	21.65		21.20	20.69	20.75	21.78	20.56	21.15	20.63		18.67	21.22		21.04		21.20		22.07		21.18	19.83
Median	21.00		22.00	22.00		22.00	21.00	21.00	22.00	22.00	21.50	20.50		19.50	22.00		22.00		21.00		22.00		22.00	21.00
Standard deviation	3.67		2.98	3.00		3.80	3.53	3.17	3.12	4.19	2.68	3.12		2.81	3.37		3.36		3.42		3.08		3.21	4.13
p-value	0.595¹		0.661²					0.481²				0.141¹				0.833¹				0.273²
Total HER
Mean	76.36		76.46	82.18		75.53	75.53	71.32	81.13	74.68	76.19	71.21		67.17	76.93		76.46		76.22		79.33		76.67	72.61
Median	78.00		77.00	81.00		77.50	74.50	71.50	80.00	77.00	74.50	71.50		66.00	78.00		77.00		79.00		78.00		78.00	75.00
Standard deviation	10.34		11.33	8.90		10.56	11.35	9.65	9.02	11.28	10.66	10.23		13.21	10.53		10.77		10.89		7.24		10.79	12.43
p-value		0.982¹			0.001² 2 Kruskal-Wallis test ^* * = p ≤ 0.05				0.005^2*				0.116¹ 1 Mann-Whitney test;					0.782¹				0.252²

Variables	Out-of-school activities	Previous year’s outings	Regular scheduled activities	Activities with the parents	Toys they have or used to have	Newspapers and magazines available at home	Books available at home
Out-of-school activities	1.000	0.254^* * = significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05)	0.172	0.391*	0.201*	0.178*	0.267*
Previous year’s outings		1.000	0.205*	0.442*	0.413*	0.170	0.279*
Regular scheduled activities			1.000	0.200*	0.073	0.064	0.141
Activities with the parents				1.000	0.288*	0.031	0.228*
Toys they have or used to have					1.000	0.214*	0.232*
Newspapers and magazines available at home						1.000	0.002
Books available at home							1.000

Variables	Out-of-school activities	Previous year’s outings	Regular scheduled activities	Activities with the parents	Toys they have or used to have	Newspapers and magazines available at home	Books available at home
Out-of-school activities	1.000	0.239^* * = significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05)	0.183*	0.382*	0.208*	0.226*	0.287*
Previous year’s outings		1.000	0.215*	0.437*	0.416*	0.188*	0.290*
Regular scheduled activities			1.000	0.209*	0.102	0.092	0.148
Activities with the parents				1.000	0.282*	0.042	0.222*
Toys they have or used to have					1.000	0.223*	0.243*
Newspapers and magazines available at home						1.000	0.001
Books available at home							1.000

Variables	Proximal processes	Family-school connection	Activities that indicate stability	Total HER	Mean S.P.
Proximal processes	1.000	0.355^* * = significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05)	0.140	0.811*	0.158
Family-school connection		1.000	0.325*	0.708*	0.004
Activities that indicate stability			1.000	0.554*	0.533
Total HER				1.000	0.121
Mean S.P.					1.000

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[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.