Exogenous application of salicylic acid on the mitigation of salt stress in <i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.

Silva, André Alisson Rodrigues da; Lima, Geovani Soares de; Azevedo, Carlos Alberto Vieira de; Veloso, Luana Lucas de Sá Almeida; Souza, Leandro de Pádua; Fátima, Reynaldo Teodoro de; Silva, Francisco de Assis da; Gheyi, Hans Raj

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210447

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Crop production • Cienc. Rural 53 (7) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210447 copy

Exogenous application of salicylic acid on the mitigation of salt stress in Capsicum annuum L.

Aplicação exógena de ácido salicílico na mitigação do estresse salino em Capsicum annuum L.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Salinity has limited conventional vegetable cultivation, especially in semi-arid regions. In this regard, the use of elicitors that act to induce tolerance to salt stress, such as salicylic acid, has emerged as a promising alternative. This study evaluated the effects of foliar spraying with salicylic acid on the mitigation of salt stress on the morphophysiology and production of bell pepper cv. All Big. The study was conducted in a greenhouse in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil, adopting a completely randomized design, in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.8; 1.6; 2.4; and 3.2 dS m^-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0; 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6 mM), with three replicates. The foliar application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.6 mM attenuated the effects of salt stress in gas exchange, growth, mean fruit weight, and total production per plant, and decreased the percentage of intercellular electrolyte leakage of sweet pepper cv. All Big plants, at 80 days after sowing.

Key words:
bell pepper; saline waters; salt tolerance; elicitor

Authorship

André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva ^*E-mail: andrealisson_cgpb@hotmail.com. *Corresponding author

Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), 58429-900, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG)BrazilCampina Grande, PB, BrazilUnidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), 58429-900, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-1192

Geovani Soares de Lima

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9960-1858

Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-1243

Luana Lucas de Sá Almeida Veloso

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-7985

Leandro de Pádua Souza

Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Serra Talhada, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE)BrazilSerra Talhada, PE, BrazilUnidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Serra Talhada, PE, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7588-2413

Reynaldo Teodoro de Fátima

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0463-4417

Francisco de Assis da Silva

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-1147

Hans Raj Gheyi

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-0315

E-mail: andrealisson_cgpb@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

Editors: Leandro Souza da Silva(0000-0002-1636-6643) Maria Jaislanny Medeiros(0000-0003-3912-5073)

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors conceived and designed experiment. All authors participated in preparation of the draft of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (7)
Tables (4)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Temperature (maximum and minimum) and average relative air humidity observed in the internal area of the greenhouse during the experimental period.

Thumbnail

Figure 2 -
Internal CO₂ concentration - Ci of bell pepper plants cv. All Big as a function of the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw, at 80 days after sowing. ^**Significant at P ≤ 0.01. Vertical bars represent the standard error of mean (n=3).

Thumbnail

Figure 3 -
Response surface for stomatal conductance - gs (A), CO₂ assimilation rate - A (B), carboxylation efficiency - CE (C), and water use efficiency - WUE (D) of bell pepper plants as a function of the interaction between the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations, at 80 days after sowing. ^{* and**}Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively.

Thumbnail

Figure 4 -
Plant height (A) and the number of leaves (E) as a function of the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations - SA (B and F); and response surface for stem diameter (C) and leaf area (D) of bell pepper plants as a function of the interaction between ECw and SA concentrations, at 80 days after sowing. ^{* and**}Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard error of mean (n=3).

Thumbnail

Figure 5 - Response surface for the dry mass of leaf - LDM (A), stem - SDM (B), and root - RDM (C) of bell pepper plants as a function of the interaction between the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations, at 105 days after sowing. ^{* and}
^**Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively.

Thumbnail

Figure 6
- Specific leaf area - SLA (A) and leaf succulence - SUC (C) as a function of the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and SLA as a function of salicylic acid - SA concentrations (B); and response surface for the percentage of intercellular electrolyte leakage - % IEL (D) as a function of the interaction between ECw and SA concentrations, at 80 days after sowing. ^{* and**}Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard error of mean (n=3).

Thumbnail

Figure 7 -
Response surface for average fruit weight - AFW (A) and total production per plant - TPP (B) as a function of the interaction between the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations. ^**Significant at P ≤ 0.01.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Chemical and physical attributes of the soil used in the experiment before application of the treatments.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Summary of the analysis of variance of the internal CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), CO₂ assimilation rate (A), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and water use efficiency (WUE) of bell pepper plants cv. All Big irrigated with saline waters and subjected to foliar application of salicylic acid, at 80 days after sowing.

Thumbnail

Table 3
Summary of the analysis of variance for plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area (LA), number of leaves (NL), dry mass of leaf (LDM), stem (SDM), and root (RDM) of bell pepper plants cv. All Big irrigated with saline water and subjected to foliar application of salicylic acid, at 80 days after sowing.

Thumbnail

Table 4
Summary of the analysis of variance for the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf succulence (SUC), percentage of intercellular electrolyte leakage (% IEL), average fruit weight (AFW), and total production per plant (TPP) of bell pepper irrigated with saline waters and subjected to foliar application of salicylic acid.

Figure 1 Temperature (maximum and minimum) and average relative air humidity observed in the internal area of the greenhouse during the experimental period.

Figure 2 - Internal CO₂ concentration - Ci of bell pepper plants cv. All Big as a function of the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw, at 80 days after sowing. ^**Significant at P ≤ 0.01. Vertical bars represent the standard error of mean (n=3).

Figure 3 - Response surface for stomatal conductance - gs (A), CO₂ assimilation rate - A (B), carboxylation efficiency - CE (C), and water use efficiency - WUE (D) of bell pepper plants as a function of the interaction between the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations, at 80 days after sowing. ^{* and**}Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively.

Figure 4 - Plant height (A) and the number of leaves (E) as a function of the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations - SA (B and F); and response surface for stem diameter (C) and leaf area (D) of bell pepper plants as a function of the interaction between ECw and SA concentrations, at 80 days after sowing. ^{* and**}Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard error of mean (n=3).

Figure 5 - Response surface for the dry mass of leaf - LDM (A), stem - SDM (B), and root - RDM (C) of bell pepper plants as a function of the interaction between the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations, at 105 days after sowing. ^{* and} ^**Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively.

Figure 6 - Specific leaf area - SLA (A) and leaf succulence - SUC (C) as a function of the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and SLA as a function of salicylic acid - SA concentrations (B); and response surface for the percentage of intercellular electrolyte leakage - % IEL (D) as a function of the interaction between ECw and SA concentrations, at 80 days after sowing. ^{* and**}Significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard error of mean (n=3).

Figure 7 - Response surface for average fruit weight - AFW (A) and total production per plant - TPP (B) as a function of the interaction between the electrical conductivity of the water - ECw and salicylic acid concentrations. ^**Significant at P ≤ 0.01.

Table 1 Chemical and physical attributes of the soil used in the experiment before application of the treatments.

--------------------------------------------------------------------Chemical characteristics-------------------------------------------------------------------
pH (H₂O) (1:2.5)	OM dag kg^-1	P (mg kg^-1)	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺ + H⁺	PST (%)	ECse (dS m^-1)
			----------------------------------(cmol_c kg^-1)----------------------------------
5.90	1.36	6.80	0.22	0.16	2.60	3.66	1.93	1.87	1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------Physical characteristics--------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------Size fraction (g kg^-1) -----------			Textural class	Water content (kPa)		AW	Total porosity %	BD	PD
Sand	Silt	Clay		33.42^*	1519.5^** dag kg^-1			(kg dm^-3)
732.9	142.1	125.0	SL	11.98	4.32	7.66	47.74	1.39	2,66

OM - Organic matter: Walkley-Black Wet Digestion; Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ extracted with 1 M KCl at pH 7.0; Na⁺ and K⁺ extracted with 1 M NH₄OAc at pH 7.0; Al³⁺ and H⁺ extracted with 0.5 M CaOAc at pH 7.0; ESP - Exchangeable sodium percentage; ECse - Electrical conductivity of saturation extract; SL - Sandy loam; AW - Available water; AD - Apparent density; PD - Particle density; ^* - Field capacity; ^** - Wilting point.

Table 2 Summary of the analysis of variance of the internal CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), CO₂ assimilation rate (A), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and water use efficiency (WUE) of bell pepper plants cv. All Big irrigated with saline waters and subjected to foliar application of salicylic acid, at 80 days after sowing.

Source of variation	DF	---------------------------------------------Mean squares---------------------------------------------
		Ci	gs	E	A	CE	WUE
Salinity levels (SL)	3	2640.55^**	0.002^ns	0.13^ns	270.64^**	0.02^**	5.49^**
Linear regression	1	7616.26^**	0.003^ns	0.19^ns	772.21^**	0.05^**	16.05^**
Quadratic regression	1	96.33^ns	0.002^ns	0.08^ns	26.41^ns	0.009^ns	0.29^ns
Salicylic acid (SA)	3	269.55^ns	0.005^ns	0.07^ns	107.08^**	0.002^ns	3.97^**
Linear regression	1	112.06^ns	0.0013^ns	0.12^ns	11.82^ns	0.001^ns	0.81^ns
Quadratic regression	1	341.33^ns	0.0011^ns	0.07^ns	206.51^**	0.005^ns	7.59^**
Interaction (SL × SA)	9	484.08^ns	0.007^*	0.36^ns	32.30^*	0.01^**	2.24^**
Residue	30	163.59	0.093	0.22	11.88	0.002	0.59
CV (%)		7.90	12.41	7.91	9.69	17.26	12.90

^ns, ^*, ^** not significant, significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. CV: Coefficient of variation.

Table 3 Summary of the analysis of variance for plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area (LA), number of leaves (NL), dry mass of leaf (LDM), stem (SDM), and root (RDM) of bell pepper plants cv. All Big irrigated with saline water and subjected to foliar application of salicylic acid, at 80 days after sowing.

Source of variation	DF	-----------------------------------------------Mean squares----------------------------------------------
		PH	SD	LA	NL	LDM	SDM	RDM
Salinity levels (SL)	3	80.55^**	1.28^**	516337.1^**	412.14^**	26.97^**	18.72^**	7.91^**
Linear regression	1	231.08^**	0.03^ns	792858.4^*	1188.01^**	75.25^**	50.79^**	5.30^ns
Quadratic regression	1	4.38^ns	2.18^*	701340.9^**	48.01^ns	2.14^ns	0.43^ns	10.01^**
Salicylic acid (SA)	3	35.13^*	0.24^ns	1059816^**	325.80^**	13.47^**	5.15^**	2.32^*
Linear regression	1	9.01^ns	0.12^ns	202695.8^*	201.66^ns	2.73^ns	4.12^ns	0.61^ns
Quadratic regression	1	76.25^**	0.38^ns	1930325.1^**	705.33^**	23.53^**	11.22^**	3.91^*
Interaction (SL × SA)	9	2.06^ns	0.69^*	134214^**	59.49^ns	2.01^*	3.87^**	1.47^*
Residue	30	9.71	0.31	24338	44.87	0.93	0.63	0.69
CV (%)		6.77	6.57	8.94	13.61	7.71	9.48	14.44

^ns, ^*, ^** not significant, significant at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. CV: Coefficient of variation.

Table 4 Summary of the analysis of variance for the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf succulence (SUC), percentage of intercellular electrolyte leakage (% IEL), average fruit weight (AFW), and total production per plant (TPP) of bell pepper irrigated with saline waters and subjected to foliar application of salicylic acid.

Source of variation	DF	--------------------------------------------Mean squares-------------------------------------------
		SLA	SUC	% IEL	AFW	TPP
Salinity levels (SL)	3	2420.36^**	0.0011^**	994.24^**	67.41^**	21870.3^**
Linear regression	1	5741.22^**	6.7x10^-4**	2754.99^**	180.18^**	64402.2^**
Quadratic regression	1	373.12^ns	1.7x10^-5ns	0.15^ns	22.07^ns	75.0^ns
Salicylic acid (SA)	3	2526.26^**	2.3x10^-4ns	95.53^ns	66.06^**	8773.9^**
Linear regression	1	3500.87^*	1.3x10^-3ns	21.80^ns	127.22^*	2130.5^ns
Quadratic regression	1	2913.61^**	1.1x10^-3ns	241.53^ns	70.27^**	18246.6^**
Interaction (SL × SA)	9	382.14^ns	5.7x10^-5ns	168.81^**	108.42^**	4433.2^**
Residue	30	198.61	7.8x10^-5ns	36.49	13.52	729.9
CV (%)		10.11	22.11	19.20	10.67	11.36

^ns, ^*, ^** not significant, significant at P≤0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively. CV: Coefficient of variation.

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Exogenous application of salicylic acid on the mitigation of salt stress in <i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.

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[1] E-mail: andrealisson_cgpb@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author