Fuel consumption by agricultural machinery: a review of pollutant emission control technologies

Silveira, Franco da; Machado, Filipe Molinar; Farias, Marcelo Silveira de; Schlosser, José Fernando

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20220029

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Rural Engenering • Cienc. Rural 53 (5) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220029 copy

Fuel consumption by agricultural machinery: a review of pollutant emission control technologies

Consumo de combustível por máquinas agrícolas: uma revisão das tecnologias de controle de emissão de poluentes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Most energy used to operate agricultural machines in the field is generated from fossil fuel combustion. The combustion process emits atmospheric pollutants, increasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this context, this review is to discuss technologies for mitigating diesel engine GHG emissions to advance sustainable development in the agricultural machinery sector. This paper presents strategies and technologies widely adopted by agricultural machinery manufacturers in controlling pollutant emissions during fuel combustion. The findings of this study encompass sustainable alternative technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter, and fuels. This study helps reveal the environmental impact of agricultural field operations that generate GHG emissions.

Key words:
greenhouse gases; emission limit; agricultural mechanization

Authorship

Franco da Silveira

Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção (PPGEP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)BrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção (PPGEP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9441-0144

Filipe Molinar Machado

Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Santo Ângelo, RS, Brasil.Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI)BrazilSanto Ângelo, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Santo Ângelo, RS, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-3569

Marcelo Silveira de Farias

Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais (DCAA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)BrazilFrederico Westphalen, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais (DCAA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2949-1320

José Fernando Schlosser

Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)BrazilSanta Maria, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-3147

E-mail: franco.da.silveira@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.

Editors: Leandro Souza da Silva(0000-0002-1636-6643) Marcia Xavier Peiter(0000-0001-8945-5412)

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

We have no conflict of interest to declare.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors contributed equally to the conception and writing of the manuscript.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (1)

Thumbnail

Figure 1 -
Approximate composition of exhaust gases from the combustion of Diesel cycle engines. Source: Adapted from RESITOGLU et al. (2015RESITOGLU, I.A. et al. The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust after treatment systems. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, v.7, n.1, p.15-27, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9 >. Accessed: Sep. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007... ).

Thumbnail

Figure 2 -
Systematization of the control of pollutant emissions from agricultural machinery. Note: Pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Hydrocarbons (HC), Particulate Matter (PM), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX). Technologies - Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), e Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Standards - Brazil (PROCONVE MAR 1), Japan (Tier 3), European Union (Stage 5), Canada and South Korea (Tier 4f).

Thumbnail

Table 1
Characterization of the main pollutant emissions from Diesel cycle engines.

Figure 1 - Approximate composition of exhaust gases from the combustion of Diesel cycle engines. Source: Adapted from RESITOGLU et al. (2015RESITOGLU, I.A. et al. The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust after treatment systems. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, v.7, n.1, p.15-27, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9 >. Accessed: Sep. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007... ).

Figure 2 - Systematization of the control of pollutant emissions from agricultural machinery. Note: Pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Hydrocarbons (HC), Particulate Matter (PM), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX). Technologies - Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), e Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Standards - Brazil (PROCONVE MAR 1), Japan (Tier 3), European Union (Stage 5), Canada and South Korea (Tier 4f).

Table 1 Characterization of the main pollutant emissions from Diesel cycle engines.

Pollutants	Origin	Environmental Problems	Health Problems	Authors ^*
Carbon Monoxide (CO)	It results from incomplete combustion, where the oxidation process does not occur completely.	Air pollution.	Heart disease, choking, difficulty concentrating, slow reflexes, nausea, respiratory disease.	I, II, III
Hydrocarbons (HC)	As a result of low temperature that occurs close to the cylinder wall and uneven operating conditions.	They are precursors for the formation of tropospheric ozone, contributing to the realization of the greenhouse effect.	Respiratory diseases, cancer.	II, IV
Particulate Matter (PM)	It is produced by incompletely burning HC in fuel and lubricating oil.	Pollution of air, water, and soil, global climate change.	Premature death, asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease.	II, V, VI
Nitrogen Oxides (NO_X)	High temperatures above 1600 °C in cylinders cause nitrogen to react with oxygen and influence its formation.	Acid rains, droughts, ozone depletion, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.	Lung irritation, lower resistance to respiratory infection, asthma, and bronchitis.	II, IV, VI, VII

Note: ^*Authors: I - (LEVY, 2015LEVY, R.J. Carbon monoxide pollution and neurodevelopment: A public health concern. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, v. 49, p. 31-40, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214011414 >. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.03.001.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ); II - (RESITOGLU, ALTINISIK & KESKIN, 2015RESITOGLU, I.A. et al. The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust after treatment systems. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, v.7, n.1, p.15-27, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9 >. Accessed: Sep. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007... ); III - (RUFINO & COSTA, 2015RUFINO, R.; COSTA, S.H. Cem anos do teste de difusão ao monóxido de carbono nas doenças pulmonares. Pulmões RJ, p. 28-32, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://www.sopterj.com.br/wp-content/themes/_sopterj_redesign_2017/_revista/2015/n_01/08.pdf >. Accessed: Nov. 24, 2021.
http://www.sopterj.com.br/wp-content/the... ); IV - (HICKEY et al., 2014HICKEY, N. et al. Air Pollution from Mobile Sources: Formation and Effects and Abatement Strategies. In: Cao G., Orrù R. (eds) Current Environmental Issues and Challenges. Springer, Dordrecht, p. 15-43, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-8777-2_2 >. Accessed: Dec. 10, 2021. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8777-2_2.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ); V - (LAWAL et al., 2016LAWAL, A.O. et al. Diesel exhaust particles and endothelial cells dysfunction: An update. Toxicology in Vitro, v. 32, p. 92-104, 2016. Available from: <Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233315300394 >. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.015.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ); VI - (KIM et al., 2017KIM, Y.S. et al. Demand forecasting for heavy-duty diesel engines considering emission regulations. Sustainability, v. 9, n. 2, p. 1-16, 2017. Available from: <Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/166/htm >. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2021. doi: 10.3390/su9020166.
http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/166/ht... ); and VII - (RESITOGLU & KESKIN, 2017).

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[1] E-mail: franco.da.silveira@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.