Factors influencing the adoption of improved cultivars: a case of peach farmers in Pakistan

Ullah, Arif; Khan, Dilawar; Zheng, Shaofeng; Ali, Uzair

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20180342

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CROP PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 48 (11) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180342 copy

Factors influencing the adoption of improved cultivars: a case of peach farmers in Pakistan

Fatores que influenciam a adoção de cultivares melhoradas: um caso de produtores de pêssego no Paquistão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the adoption of improved cultivars (ICs) in peach production in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A total of 270 respondents were randomly selected from the three different cultivated areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, namely, Peshawar, Nowshera and Swat. Binary choice model was used in this study to categorise the ICs of peach farmers into adoption and non-adoption. The study identifies that socio-economic, institutional farm resources, and climatic factors are influencing the adoption of ICs of peach production. Results of the estimated model reveal that farmer’s age, education, household size, membership, cell phone, farm size, extension services and the role of the non-government organization have a positive effect on adoption of ICs. In addition, farmer’s experience, off-farm income, livestock and machinery ownership, credit access and inputs prices have a positive and significant impact on ICs adoption. Moreover, results of the logit model demonstrate that climatic related factors have a highly significant and positive impact on the adoption of ICs. These results suggested that institutional services should be strengthened to provide managerial and technical skills on ICs technology adoption and on time provision of financial services to enhance the productivity of peach farmers.

Key words:
improved cultivars; peach; technology; agriculture

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: zsfeng@nwsuaf.edu.cn. ^*Corresponding author.

Variables	Description	Expected Sign
--------------------------------------------------------Socioeconomic characteristics----------------------------------------------
Age (x ₁ )	Age of the farmer in (years)	±
Experience (x ₂)	Experience of the farmer in (years)	+
Education (x ₃)	Education of the farmer in (years)	+
Household size (x ₄)	Number of the household of the farmer (Number)	±
Off-farm income (x ₅)	1 if the farmer has off-farm income; 0 otherwise	±
Membership (x ₆)	1 if the farmer has an association with any agricultural organization; 0 otherwise	+
Cell phone (x ₇)	1 if the farmer use cell phone; 0 otherwise	+
------------------------------------------------------------Farm resources factors---------------------------------------------------
Livestock ownership (x ₈)	1 if the farmer own livestock; 0 otherwise	+
Machinery ownership (x ₉)	If the farmer owns any machinery (e.g., tractor, sprayer, and harvesting kit); 0 otherwise	+
Farm size (x ₁₀)	Peach farm size in (acre)	+
-----------------------------------------------------------Institutional factors--------------------------------------------------------
Access to credit (x ₁₁)	1 if the farmer has access to credit; 0 otherwise	+
Extension services(x ₁₂)	1 if the farmer has access to extension services; 0 otherwise	+
Role of NGOs (x ₁₃)	1 if the farmer has access to NGOs; 0 otherwise	+
Inputs price (x ₁₄)	low =1, medium = 2, high =3	+
---------------------------------------------------------------Climatic factors--------------------------------------------------------
Natural disasters risk perception (x ₁₅)	low =1, medium = 2, high =3	+
Soil quality perception (x ₁₆)	low =1, medium = 2, high =3	+
Weather shocks awareness (x ₁₇)	low =1, medium = 2, high =3	+

Variables	----------Adopters---------		-------Non-Adopters------		-------All Respondents-----
	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.
Number of Farmers	--------------N=93----------		-------------N=177---------		-------------N=270-----------
Age (x₁)	42.688	11.904	41.927	10.996	42.189	11.301
Experience (x₂)	8.871	7.580	7.559	6.245	8.011	6.750
Education (x₃)	6.323	5.263	4.531	4.828	5.148	5.045
Household size (x₄)	6.591	1.979	6.531	1.859	6.552	1.898
Off-farm income (x₅)	0.505	0.503	0.367	0.483	0.415	0.494
Membership (x₆)	0.366	0.484	0.249	0.433	0.289	0.454
Cell phone (x₇)	0.785	0.413	0.661	0.475	0.704	0.457
Livestock ownership (x₈)	0.538	0.501	0.333	0.473	0.404	0.492
Machinery ownership (x₉)	0.323	0.470	0.164	0.371	0.219	0.414
Farm size (x₁₀)	0.323	0.470	3.134	1.153	3.266	1.197
Access to credit (x₁₁)	3.517	1.244	0.412	0.494	0.489	0.501
Extension services(x₁₂)	0.634	0.484	0.333	0.473	0.389	0.488
NGOs (x₁₃)	0.495	0.503	0.271	0.446	0.281	0.451
Inputs price (x₁₄)	0.301	0.461	1.638	0.849	1.837	0.910
Natural disasters risk perception (x₁₅)	2.215	0.907	2.232	0.844	2.378	0.808
Soil quality perception (x₁₆)	2.656	0.651	2.175	0.760	2.344	0.769
Weather shocksawareness (x₁₇)	2.667	0.681	1.531	0.791	1.833	0.916

Variables	Coefficient Estimates			Marginal Effects Odds Ratio			Elasticity (ᵋ)^d
	------Coef. Std. Error-----			--------Coef. Std. Error------
--------------------------------Dependent variable: Use of ICs technology (1: if farmer adopts ICs, 0: otherwise)----------------------------------
Constant	-11.669^***	1.603	-	-	0.0001	-
Age (x ₁ )	0.024	0.023	0.003	0.003	0.976	0.663
Experience (x ₂)	0.066^*	0.038	0.008^*	0.005	1.068	0.328
Education (x ₃)	0.037	0.036	0.004	0.004	1.037	0.109
Household size (x ₄)	0.026	0.095	0.003	0.012	0.975	0.110
Off-farm income (x ₅)	0.747^***	0.364	0.091^***	0.043	2.110	0.180
Membership (x ₆)	0.345	0.397	0.042	0.048	1.413	0.056
Cell phone (x ₇)	0.326	0.405	0.040	0.049	1.385	0.141
Livestock ownership (x ₈)	1.023^***	0.377	0.124^***	0.044	2.780	0.223
Machinery ownership (x ₉)	0.828^*	0.433	0.101^*	0.051	2.290	0.089
Farm size (x ₁₀)	0.164	0.160	0.020	0.019	1.178	0.336
Access to credit (x ₁₁)	0.677^*	0.358	0.082^*	0.042	1.967	0.183
Extension services(x ₁₂)	0.169	0.371	0.021	0.045	1.184	0.037
NGOs (x ₁₃)	0.075	0.404	0.009	0.049	1.078	0.013
Inputs price (x ₁₄)	0.841^***	0.204	0.102^***	0.022	2.318	0.903
Natural disasters risk perception (x ₁₅)	0.579^***	0.247	0.070^***	0.029	1.785	0.847
Soil quality perception (x ₁₆)	0.844^***	0.260	0.103^***	0.030	2.326	1.204
Weather shocks awareness(x ₁₇)	1.082^***	0.205	0.132^***	0.020	2.952	1.086
--------------------------------------------------------------------Log likelihood = -104.193-----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Prob > chi² = 0.000------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Pseudo R² = 0.400------------------------------------------------------------------