Impacto empírico do acesso a serviços financeiros na renda dos agricultores em Gana

Siaw, Anthony; Twumasi, Martinson Ankrah; Agbenyo, Wonder; Ntiamoah, Evans Brako; Amo-Ntim, Gideon; Jiang, Yuansheng

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Sumário

AGROBUSINESS • Cienc. Rural 53 (9) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220345 copiar

Impacto empírico do acesso a serviços financeiros na renda dos agricultores em Gana

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO:

O impacto do acesso a serviços financeiros (AFS) e acesso a serviços financeiros informais (AIFS) na renda do agricultor é examinado neste estudo. Após um procedimento de amostragem aleatória em vários estágios, o estudo utilizou uma amostra de 478 pessoas de duas regiões de Gana. O modelo de regressão de tratamento endógeno (ETR) foi usado para explicar o viés de seleção, enquanto o modelo de regressão quantílica incondicional (UQR) foi usado para uma análise heterogênea. Os resultados mostram que educação, alfabetização financeira, acesso a TI, tamanho da fazenda e distância foram fatores de acesso a serviços financeiros. Da mesma forma, os resultados revelaram uma ligação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a renda familiar e o acesso a serviços financeiros formais. Da mesma forma, houve associação positiva e significativa entre acesso a serviços financeiros informais e renda familiar. Os resultados mostram que o acesso a serviços financeiros formais e informais tem efeitos diferentes na renda familiar. Como resultado, os efeitos do acesso a serviços financeiros sobre a renda variaram por quantil. Com base nos resultados do estudo, desenvolvemos políticas para aumentar a acessibilidade dos serviços financeiros como forma de aumentar a renda familiar.

Palavras-chave:
acessibilidade de serviços financeiros; renda dos agricultores; modelo de regressão quantílica incondicional; modelo de regressão de comutação endógena; Gana

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: yjiang@sicau.edu.cn. ^*Corresponding author

Variables	-------------------------------------------Measurement------------------------------------------
Access to financial services	1 if the respondent had access to financial services; 0 otherwise
Access to informal financial services	1 if the respondent had access to informal financial service; 0 otherwise
Farm income (GH¢)	Amount of annual farm income (GH¢1000/capita)
Off-farm income (GH¢)	Amount of annual farm income (GH¢1000/capita)
Household income (GH¢)	Amount of total household income (GH¢1000/capita)
Age	Age of the respondent
Gender	1 if respondent is a male; 0 otherwise
Education	Years of schoolings
Household size	Number of members in a household (number)
Financial Literacy	Financial literacy scores
Membership	1 if respondent joins an association; 0 otherwise
Access to IT	1 if the respondent has access to IT (Television, radio and Internet); 0 otherwise
Distance	1 if respondent had a relative with a chronic disease; 0 otherwise
Farm experience	Years of farming experience (years)
Farm size	Respondent farm size (in acres)
Eastern	1 if respondent resides in Eastern region; 0 otherwise
Brong Ahafo (BA)	1 if respondent resides in BA region; 0 otherwise
Distance	The distance from the respondent house to the nearest financial institution
Social network	1 if respondent relates to someone who can provide loan to him/her; 0 otherwise

Variables	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Access to financial services (AFS)	0.42	0.50	0	1
Access to informal financial services (AIFS)	0.45	0.49	0	1
Farm Income	2.05	0.87	1.24	3.98
Off-farm Income	2.43	1.05	1.41	4.85
Total household Income	4.49	2.76	2.65	8.83
Age	41.72	12.20	30	64
Gender	0.70	0.46	0	1
Education	7.48	5.49	0	16
Household size	5.36	1.30	1	9
Financial Literacy	1.14	0.94	0	3
Membership	0.44	0.50	0	1
Access to IT	0.81	0.56	0	1
Farm experience	13.65	7.84	2	32
Farm size	3.34	1.87	1	11
Eastern	0.46	0.51	0	1
Brong Ahafo	0.54	0.49	0	1
Distance	1.34	0.47	0	1
Social network	0.43	0.46	0	1

Variables	Access to Financial Services (AFS)	Non- Access to Financial Services (NAFS)	---------------Diff. --------------
Farm Income	2.45 (1.04)	1.74 (0.71)	0.71^***
Off-farm Income	3.12 (1.52)	1.78 (0.58)	1.34^***
Total household Income	5.43 (2.06)	3.71 (1.17)	1.72^***
Age	41.14 (7.23)	42.45 (8.04)	1.31
Gender	0.83 (0.08)	0.54 (0.06)	0.29^***
Education	9.32 (3.21)	5.46 (2.83)	3.86^***
Household size	5.19 (3.98)	5.68 (3.04)	0.49
Financial Literacy	1.89 (0.43)	0.63 (0.32)	1.26^**
Membership	0.46 (0.06)	0.41 (0.03)	0.05
Access to IT	0.89 (0.07)	0.83 (0.05)	0.06^*
Farm experience	14.17 (0.77.)	13.24 (0.73)	0.93
Farm size	4.21 (2.32)	2.52 (1.21)	1.69
Distance	1.68 (0.75)	1.02 (0.62)	0.66^*
Social network	0.57 (0.08)	0.33 (0.05)	0.24^**

Variables	Access to Financial Services	Total Household Income	Access to Financial Services	Farm Income	Access to Financial Services	Off-farm Income
Access to formal financial Services		0.239^** (0.098)		0.269^*** (0.099)		0.454^*** (0.096)
Age	-0.004 (0.230)	-0.031 (0.333)	-0.006 (0.233)	-0.003 (0.522)	-0.008 (0.231)	-0.005 (0.820)
Gender	-0.085 (0.591)	-0.006 (0.553)	-0.088 (0.593)	-0.013 (0.244)	-0.090 (0.596)	-0.075 (0.231)
Education	0.160^*** (0.033)	0.188^* (0.088)	0.164^*** (0.035)	0.478^*** (0.059)	0.166^*** (0.036)	0.239^** (0.099)
Household size	-0.070 (0.282)	0.007 (0.183)	-0.072 (0.284)	0.014 (0.630)	-0.074 (0.286)	-0.049 (0.250)
Financial Literacy	0.451^*** (0.092)	0.290^*** (0.065)	0.455^*** (0.094)	0.237^** (0.088)	0.458^*** (0.096)	0.257^*** (0.087)
Membership	0.030 (0.173)	0.315^*** (0.023)	0.032 (0.177)	0.225^*** (0.024)	0.035 (0.175)	-0.162 (0.682)
Access to IT	0.100^* (0.040)	0.150^*** (0.066)	0.102^* (0.044)	0.127^*** (0.012)	0.106^* (0.043)	0.097^* (0.044)
Farm experience	-0.010 (0.818)	-0.000 (0.028)	-0.012 (0.820)	-0.004 (0.685)	-0.015 (0.819)	0.009 (0.408)
Farm size	0.270^*** (0.050)	0.442^*** (0.058)	0.272^*** (0.052)	-0.003 (0.933)	0.276^*** (0.053)	0.218^** (0.078)
Eastern	-0.270^*** (0.050)	0.442^*** (0.058)	-0.272^*** (0.052)	-0.003 (0.933)	-0.276^*** (0.053)	0.218^** (0.078)
Distance	-0.218^*** (0.093)		-0.220^*** (0.097)		-0.223^*** (0.095)
_cons	-2.121^** (0.648)	1.283^*** (0.244)	-2.128^** (0.644)	1.489^*** (0.689)	-2.125^** (0.648)	3.503^*** (0.985)
ρ _µε	-0.311 (0.342)		-0.273 (0.199)		-0.136 (0.95)
Wald X²	------------------89.45------------------		------------------26.11------------------		------------------38.34------------------
Log pseudo	-----------------633.615----------------		-----------------431.809----------------		-----------------444.755----------------

Variables	Access to informal financial service	Household Income	Access to informal financial service	Farm Income	Access to informal financial service	Off-farm Income
Access to informal financial Services		0.135^*** (0.048)		0.159^*** (0.056)		0.254^** (0.076)
Social network (IV)	0.076^** (0.020)		0.081^** (0.022)		0.079^** (0.020)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Regional Dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	-0.121^** (0.048)	0.283^*** (0.044)	-0.696 (0.159)	0.489^*** (0.089)	-0.754^*** (0.061)	0.503^*** (0.085)
ρ _µε	-0.157 (0.142)		-0.328 (0.142)		-0.185 (0.106)
Wald X²	------------------114.45-----------------		------------------76.59------------------		------------------83.35------------------
Log pseudo	-----------------1103.314---------------		-----------------984.932----------------		-----------------504.081----------------

	---------------Household Income----------------				-----------------Farm Income-----------------				--------------Off-farm Income--------------
	25th	50th	75th	90th	25th	50th	75th	90th	25th	50th	75th	90th
AFS	0.261^***	0.426^***	0.167	0.170	0.111	0.098	0.223^**	0.347^**	0.095	0.094	0.144^*	0.216
	(0.039)	(0.043)	(0.419)	(0.098)	(0.091)	(0.071)	(0.090)	(0.133)	(0.083)	(0.077)	(0.072)	(0.146)
AIFS	0.021	0.135^*	0.243	0.024	0.030	0.119	0.165^*	0.234^**	0.143^*	0.067	0.064	0.136
	(0.206)	(0.058)	(0.166)	(0.150)	(0.099)	(0.077)	(0.089)	(0.105)	(0.062)	(0.086)	(0.083)	(0.163)
Age	0.005	0.116^**	0.015	0.136^*	(0.005)	-0.002	-0.001	0.005	0.004	0.001	0.010	0.014
	(0.498)	(0.048)	(0.252)	(0.072)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.014)
Gender	-0.099	0.085	0.102	0.113	-0.022	0.070	0.007	0.014	0.155^*	0.014	-0.021	-0.095
	(-0.976)	(-0.0.498)	(0.262)	(-0.708)	(0.081)	(0.063)	(0.072)	(0.094)	(0.074)	(0.069)	(0.067)	(0.130)
Education	0.024	0.058	0.068	0.195^***	0.025	0.045	0.084^*	0.133^**	0.003	0.006	0.027	0.049
	(0.388)	(0.231)	(0.928)	(0.015)	(0.050)	(0.039)	(0.045)	(0.049)	(0.045)	(0.044)	(0.042)	(0.083)
Household	-0.022	-0.029	-0.007	-0.039	(-0.013)	-0.012	0.012	0.027	-0.059^*	-0.045^*	-0.057^*	-0.099^*
size	(0.629)	(0.083)	(0.173)	(0.694)	(0.029)	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.034)	(0.027)	(0.025)	(0.024)	(0.048)
Financial	0.085	0.043	0.208	0.289^**	0.004	0.032	0.038	0.151	0.125	0.021	0.008	0.105
literacy	(0.730)	(0.493)	(0.494)	(0.116)	(0.093)	(0.073)	(0.083)	(0.108)	(0.086)	(0.080)	(0.078)	(0.152)
Farm	0.334^**	0.208^***	0.169	0.012	0.183^*	0.166^**	0.151^*	0.220^*	-0.020	-0.069	-0.175	-0.054
membership	(0.230)	(0.043)	(0.417)	(0.078)	(0.084)	(0.066)	(0.076)	(0.098)	(0.088)	(0.073)	(0.099)	(0.135)
Access to IT	0.371^***	0.245^*	0.031	0.064	(0.015)	0.015	0.096	0.150	0.257^**	0.254^***	0.234^**	0.129
	(0.097)	(0.123)	(0.226)	(0.361)	(0.092)	(0.072)	(0.083)	(0.107)	(0.064)	(0.079)	(0.087)	(0.150)
Farm	-0.006	-0.010	-0.091^*	-0.021	(-0.003)	0.001	0.001	-0.006	0.001	0.012^*	0.003	0.010
Experience	(0.637)	(0.435)	(0.043)	(0.417)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.013)
Farm size	0.013^*	0.143^***	0.131^***	0.259^***	0.011	0.114^*	0.142^**	0.010	-0.006	0.023	0.013	0.024
	(0.007)	(0.020)	(0.017)	(0.090)	(0.076)	(0.054)	(0.055)	(0.056)	(0.005)	(0.045)	(0.016)	(0.019)
Constant	3.524^***	4.510^***	4.723^***	3.890^***	2.899^***	4.260^**	2.840^**	2.229^**	4.579^**	4.618^**	4.735^*	4.209^**
	(0.975)	(2.367)	(1.565)	(0.470)	(0.586)	(1.659)	(1.096)	(0.881)	(1.791)	(1.688)	(1.896)	(1.547)