Assessing groundwater stoichiometric composition and its
               suitability in Northwestern Bangladesh

Islam, Jahidul; Hakim, Abdul; Hanafi, Mohamed Musa; Juraimi, Abdul Shukor; Sarkar, Ratna Rani; Hossain, AKM Mosharof; Chowdhury, Indira; Ali, Jafor; Kashem, Abul

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20130712

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Rural Engineering • Cienc. Rural 44 (7) • July 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130712 copy

Assessing groundwater stoichiometric composition and its suitability in Northwestern Bangladesh

Avaliação de lençol de água quanto a composição estioquiométrica e a sua conveniência do Noroeste do Bangladesh

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Groundwater quality analyses included pH, EC, cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and As3+), anions (CO₃2-, HCO₃-, NO₃-, SO₄2-, PO₄3- and Cl-) and TDS of northwestern Bangladesh. The samples contained Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ as the dominant cations and HCO₃- and Cl- were the dominant anions. Ratios of major cations and anions of water samples suggest the predominance of Ca and Mg-containing minerals over Na-containing minerals. According to TDS and SAR values, all samples were classed as 'freshwater' and 'excellent' categories. The SSP of all waters was under 'excellent' and 'good' classes. All samples were within 'soft' class regarding hardness with 'suitable' RSC. Based on As3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, SO₄2-, NO₃- and Cl- all groundwater samples were within the 'safe' limit for drinking but unsuitable for some industries for specific ions.

groundwater; suitability; northwestern Bangladesh

Authorship

Jahidul Islam

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityBangladeshDinajpur, BangladeshDepartment of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.

Abdul Hakim ^**Autor para correspondência.

Mohamed Musa Hanafi

Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.Universiti Putra MalaysiaMalaysiaSerdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaDepartment of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Abdul Shukor Juraimi

Ratna Rani Sarkar

AKM Mosharof Hossain

Department of Soil Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityBangladeshDinajpur, BangladeshDepartment of Soil Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.

Indira Chowdhury

Jafor Ali

Abul Kashem

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear AgricultureBangladeshMymensingh, BangladeshBangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

*Autor para correspondência.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. E-mail: ahakimupm@gmail.com.Universiti Putra MalaysiaMalaysiaSerdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaInstitute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. E-mail: ahakimupm@gmail.com.

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (4)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Ratios of the major anions and cations in groundwater from Dinajpur Sadar Upazilla, Bangladesh

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Relative suitability of studied water samples for various industries based on a) chloride concentrations, b) hardness, c) TDS, and d) manganese concentrations. In X axis, the recommended concentrations for different industries are shown according to USEPA (1975)USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). Federal Register, v.40, p. 59566-59588,1975.. Abbreviations used are: AC=Air-conditioning, BR=Brewing, CB=Carbonated beverage, CF=Confectionary, DA=Dairy, IM=Ice manufacture, LA=Laundering, PP=Paper & pulp, SU=Sugar, TA=Tanning, TE=Textile, RM=Rayon manufacture

Thumbnail

Table 1-
Information regarding of sampling sites of the Dinajpur Sadar Upazilla under the District of Dinajpur, Bangladesh; location, well type, depth, and the duration of use

Thumbnail

Table 2
- A. pH, EC, TDS, hardness, potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI) and anionic constituents of groundwater. B. Concentrations of cationic constituents of groundwater. C. Stoichiometric ratios of different major ions

Thumbnail

Table 3
- Quality classification of water samples for irrigation

Thumbnail

Table 4
- Correlation matrix of different chemical constituents of groundwater, n=50, units of each parameter are in Table 2 and Table 3

Thumbnail

Figure 1 Ratios of the major anions and cations in groundwater from Dinajpur Sadar Upazilla, Bangladesh

Figure 2 Relative suitability of studied water samples for various industries based on a) chloride concentrations, b) hardness, c) TDS, and d) manganese concentrations. In X axis, the recommended concentrations for different industries are shown according to USEPA (1975)USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). Federal Register, v.40, p. 59566-59588,1975.. Abbreviations used are: AC=Air-conditioning, BR=Brewing, CB=Carbonated beverage, CF=Confectionary, DA=Dairy, IM=Ice manufacture, LA=Laundering, PP=Paper & pulp, SU=Sugar, TA=Tanning, TE=Textile, RM=Rayon manufacture

Table 1- Information regarding of sampling sites of the Dinajpur Sadar Upazilla under the District of Dinajpur, Bangladesh; location, well type, depth, and the duration of use

Sample No.	-------------------------------Sampling sites-------------------------------	Depth of sink (m)	Well type	Duration of uses (year)
Sample No.	Location	Union (Small administrative unit)
1	Daksin Balubari	Sadar	Well type	Duration of uses (year)		18	STW	10
2	Uttar Gobindapur	Chehelgazi	23	STW	15
3	Uttar Mohespur	Fazilpur	50	STW	12
4	Raniganj	Fazilpur	60	STW	14
5	Godabari	Sundarban	45	STW	20
6	Dighon	Sekhpura	73	STW	22
7	Nayanpur	Sadar	23	STW	14
8	Kismat Madhabpur	Shashara	43	STW	9
9	Masimpur	Auliapur	40	STW	15
10	Karimullapur	Auliapur	45	STW	14
11	Daksin Gosaipur	Uthrail	30	STW	20
12	Maligram	Uthrail	43	STW	24
13	Mollapara	Kamalpur	35	STW	17
14	Purba Mohonpur	Shankarpur	40	STW	18
15	Pourashova	Sadar	125	DTW	20
16	Daksinnagar	Sekhpura	125	DTW	15
17	Uttar Bhabanipur	Chehelgazi	125	DTW	17
18	Belbari	Sundarban	125	DTW	20
19	North Fazilpur	Fazilpur	110	DTW	14
20	Mahatulyapur	Shashara	135	DTW	10
21	Kaugan	Shashara	113	DTW	15
22	Mohabbatpur	Auliapur	110	DTW	17
23	Saidpur	Auliapur	85	DTW	20
24	Mohorampur	Auliapur	110	DTW	14
25	Gauripur	Askarpur	113	DTW	20
26	Daksin Gobindapur	Askarpur	155	DTW	15
27	Ramchandrapur	Uthrail	115	DTW	14
28	Daksin Bhabanipur	Kamalpur	115	DTW	10
29	Shankarpur	Shankarpur	125	DTW	18
30	Auliapur	Auliapur	75	HTW	19
31	Daskin Auliapur	Auliapur	70	HTW	15
32	Deotair	Sekhpura	60	HTW	14
33	North Chehelgazi	Chehelgazi	50	HTW	12
34	South Chehelgazi	Chehelgazi	48	HTW	9
35	East Sundarban	Sundarban	60	HTW	7
36	East Fazilpur	Fazilpur	53	HTW	14
37	West Fazilpur	Fazilpur	65	HTW	12
38	South Shashara	Shashara	50	HTW	13
39	Daksin Sadipur	Uthrail	30	HTW	14
40	East Shankarpur	Shankarpur	45	HTW	10
41	Muradpur	Uthrail	75	HTW	11
42	Jamalpur	Askarpur	60	HTW	12
43	Baragram	Kamalpur	62	HTW	14
44	West Shankarpur	Shankarpur	20	HTW	8

STW=Shallow tubewell, DTW= Deep tubewell, HTW= Hand tubewell

Table 2 - A. pH, EC, TDS, hardness, potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI) and anionic constituents of groundwater. B. Concentrations of cationic constituents of groundwater. C. Stoichiometric ratios of different major ions

A	pH	EC	TDS	Hardness	Cl^-	PS	PI	HCO₃ ^-	SO₄ ^-2	NO₃ ^-	PO₄ ^3-
		μS /cm	mg/L	mg/L	meq/L	meq/L		meq/L	meq/L	mg/L	mg/L
Min	5.4	160	95	100	0.65	0.66	0.37	1.5	0.007	0.10	0.004
Max	5.9	460	287	300	2.25	2.30	0.74	3.48	0.096	1.65	0.275
Mean	5.6	280	171	177	1.40	1.42	0.56	2.46	0.040	0.57	0.057
SD	0.12	75	51	60	0.49	0.50	0.11	0.53	0.024	0.46	0.049

B	--------Ca ²⁺--------	Mg ²⁺	Na ⁺	K ⁺	Cu ²⁺	Zn ²⁺	Mn ²⁺	Fe ³⁺	As ⁵⁺
		meq/L	meq/L	meq/L	meq/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L	mg/L			mg/L
	Min	0.64	1.05	0.36	0.17	0.072	0.0006	0.0017	0.0006	0.005
	Max	2.32	3.81	1.13	0.48	0.21	0.05	2.02	1.31	0.032
	Mean	1.40	2.18	0.70	0.30	0.14	0.02	0.26	0.06	0.018
	SD	0.52	0.74	0.18	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.38	0.20	0.007
C
	Ratios	Min	Max	Mean	SD
	(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺⁾/Tcations	0.63	0.88	0.77	0.06
	(Na⁺+K⁺⁾/Tcations	0.12	0.36	0.23	0.06
	Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺	0.46	1.91	0.66	0.22
	Na⁺/Ca²⁺	0.20	1.08	0.55	0.21
	Na⁺/(Na⁺ + Cl^-)	0.19	0.51	0.34	0.34
	HCO₃ ^-/Na⁺	1.92	7.42	3.70	3.69
	(HCO₃ ^- + SO₄ ^2-)/Tanions	0.55	0.73	0.65	0.05
	Cl^-/Tanions	0.26	0.45	0.35	0.06

Stoichiometric relations

Table 3 - Quality classification of water samples for irrigation

Sl	EC	Hardness	TDS	SAR	SSP	RSC	---------------------Water class based on---------------------	Alkalinity-
No	μS /cm	mg/L	mg/L				EC		TDS	SAR	SSP	RSC	salinity class
1	310	200	174	SAR	SSP	RSC	0.70	17	-2.83	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
2	160	120	98	0.59	15	-1.87	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
3	180	116	126	0.54	11	-4.27	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
4	190	132	106	0.98	18	-1.41	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
5	300	272	186	0.34	13	-4.49	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
6	240	172	168	0.57	11	-2.17	Ex	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
7	200	148	116	0.82	16	-2.34	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
8	210	116	130	0.33	5	-1.06	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
9	190	120	95	0.41	6	-0.77	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
10	340	260	163	0.40	8	-3.79	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
11	310	284	161	0.32	8	-4.48	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
12	310	232	174	0.25	5	-3.68	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
13	380	260	247	0.40	12	-4.27	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
14	450	300	284	0.43	13	-5.40	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
15	280	116	172	0.79	22	-1.79	Good	MH	Fre	Ex	Good	Suit	C2-S1
16	260	100	179	0.69	23	-1.37	Good	MH	Fre	Ex	Good	Suit	C2-S1
17	320	128	202	0.50	8	-1.35	Good	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
18	180	100	103	0.37	5	-0.64	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
19	310	276	208	0.32	7	-4.04	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
20	390	260	269	0.59	9	-4.26	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
21	300	108	204	0.55	6	-0.63	Good	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
22	210	160	118	0.67	23	-2.65	Ex	Hard	Fre	Ex	Good	Suit	C1-S1
23	200	144	128	0.68	10	-2.15	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
24	390	164	245	0.58	13	-2.35	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
25	270	132	153	0.55	13	-1.66	Good	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
26	310	180	175	0.41	10	-2.55	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
27	330	216	191	0.53	14	-3.71	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
28	270	136	162	0.55	8	-1.46	Good	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
29	220	100	142	0.48	6	-0.77	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
30	260	156	148	0.52	9	-1.60	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
31	230	148	122	0.62	11	-1.54	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
32	240	200	163	0.67	14	-3.19	Ex	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
33	220	148	146	0.56	12	-2.04	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
34	230	136	147	0.50	7	-2.09	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
35	290	188	203	0.54	23	-3.14	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Good	Suit	C2-S1
36	370	248	237	0.53	29	-4.35	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Good	Suit	C2-S1
37	260	192	159	0.45	7	-2.31	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
38	360	260	205	0.62	14	-3.86	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
39	460	258	287	0.53	14	-3.96	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
40	180	100	115	0.55	6	-1.04	Ex	MH	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
41	340	220	238	0.48	9	-3.19	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
42	250	164	130	0.54	17	-2.73	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1
43	210	160	111	0.51	12	-2.25	Ex	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C1-S1
44	390	188	222	0.42	11	-2.81	Good	Hard	Fre	Ex	Ex	Suit	C2-S1

Ex = Excellent, Fre = Fresh, Suit = Suitable, MH=moderately hard

Table 4 - Correlation matrix of different chemical constituents of groundwater, n=50, units of each parameter are in Table 2 and Table 3

	EC	TDS	Cl^-	HCO₃ ^-	NO₃ ^-	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	SAR	SSP	H_T
EC	1.00
TDS	0.95	1.00
Cl^-	0.70	0.64	1.00
HCO₃ ^-	0.66	0.60	0.75	1.00
NO₃ ^-	0.02	0.06	-0.11	-0.06	1.00
Ca²⁺	0.77	0.69	0.92	0.81	-0.11	1.00
Mg²⁺	0.67	0.59	0.85	0.90	-0.02	0.82	1.00
Na⁺	0.13	0.16	0.34	0.32	-0.03	0.19	0.14	1.00
K⁺	0.03	0.11	-0.10	-0.16	-0.29	-0.09	-0.20	-0.08	1.00
SAR	-0.26	-0.21	-0.20	-0.15	0.00	-0.30	-0.39	0.81	0.05	1.00
SSP	0.10	0.13	0.14	0.18	-0.04	0.08	0.05	0.61	-0.02	0.57	1.00
H_T	0.74	0.66	0.92	0.90	-0.06	0.94	0.97	0.17	-0.16	-0.37	0.07	1.00

Italic values are significant at p =0.05 where r ( 0.29

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Assessing groundwater stoichiometric composition and its suitability in Northwestern Bangladesh

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[1] *Autor para correspondência.