Heavy metal concentrations and potential health risks in kiwifruit ecological parks in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province, China

Bai, Song; Zhang, Miaohe; Tang, Shouying; Li, Miao; Wu, Rong; Wan, Suran; Chen, Lijun; Wei, Xian

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20240538

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CROP PROTECTION • Cienc. Rural 56 (1) • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20240538 linkcopy

Heavy metal concentrations and potential health risks in kiwifruit ecological parks in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province, China

Concentrações de metais pesados e dos possíveis riscos à saúde em parques ecológicos de kiwis no condado de Xiuwen, província de Guizhou, China

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Heavy metal contamination in orchards has received increasing attention as people pay more attention to food safety issues. In this study, the levels of six heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr) in soil and fruit (peel and pulp) of 70 kiwifruit orchards in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province, China, were investigated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and correlation analyses as well as dietary risk assessment. The results showed that the mean concentrations of the six heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr) ranged from 0.41-104.02 mg kg^-1 in soil, <0.01-2.15 mg kg^-1 in peel and <0.01-0.23 mg kg^-1 in flesh, with the heavy metal content in flesh being significantly lower than that in peel. Among the 70 soil samples in this study, some samples of Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn exceeded the secondary standard for soil environmental quality in China, and the proportions of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr exceeding the geochemical soil background values in Guizhou were 72.86%, 72.86%, 64.29%, 52.86%, 48.57% and 37.14%, respectively. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that the higher the Cu content in the soil, the more favorable the transfer and enrichment of Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni to kiwifruit fruit, and the less favorable the enrichment of Pb. The results of the food safety risk assessment indicated that none of the six heavy metals in kiwifruit posed a significant risk to human health. This study can provide a reference for the regular investigation of heavy metal pollution in kiwi orchards and the long-term safety of kiwifruit.

Key words:
heavy metals; kiwifruit; ICP-MS; health risk assessment; karst landform

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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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No relevant records, ^#Reference CAI et al., 2020.

Sample no	Longitude (°)	Latitude (°)	Elevation (m)	Sample no	Longitude (°)	Latitude (°)	Elevation (m)
1	106.461	27.023	988	36	106.571	26.969	1279
2	106.428	27.065	1149	37	106.471	26.923	1234
3	106.533	26.935	1244	38	106.432	27.046	1345
4	106.435	26.995	878	39	106.425	27.150	818
5	106.547	26.912	1295	40	106.567	26.883	1343
6	106.858	26.972	1189	41	106.440	27.054	1364
7	106.492	26.886	1231	42	106.466	26.825	1187
8	106.716	26.813	1339	43	106.532	26.909	1282
9	106.843	26.902	1132	44	106.467	26.921	1236
10	106.512	26.817	1223	45	106.458	27.056	1224
11	106.509	26.892	1210	46	106.463	26.806	1140
12	106.870	26.933	1191	47	106.454	27.138	1095
13	106.452	26.806	1020	48	106.579	26.894	1351
14	106.598	26.814	1267	49	106.527	26.883	1305
15	106.458	27.080	1266	50	106.445	26.897	1280
16	106.590	26.793	1300	51	106.455	27.147	1124
17	106.495	26.876	1348	52	106.432	27.027	889
18	106.496	27.119	1146	53	106.437	26.991	946
19	106.512	27.025	1281	54	106.486	27.096	1111
20	106.466	27.073	1254	55	106.696	26.929	1353
21	106.525	26.850	1282	56	106.655	26.955	1332
22	106.461	27.161	1095	57	106.493	26.839	1256
23	106.428	27.124	1126	58	106.539	26.946	1334
24	106.460	27.171	1138	59	106.739	26.952	1338
25	106.474	26.833	1165	60	106.539	26.883	1328
26	106.559	26.795	1344	61	106.478	26.979	1234
27	106.477	27.058	1133	62	106.468	27.006	1096
28	106.432	27.116	1126	63	106.481	27.109	1060
29	106.522	26.941	1261	64	106.627	26.901	1327
30	106.551	26.854	1293	65	106.605	26.849	1248
31	106.729	26.858	1289	66	106.571	26.832	1227
32	106.455	27.104	1123	67	106.712	26.881	1321
33	106.560	26.912	1316	68	106.509	26.967	1238
34	106.610	26.941	1429	69	106.741	26.826	1355
35	106.437	27.083	1115	70	106.450	26.794	1125

Contents	pH	OM (mg kg^-1)	Elevation (m)
Range	4.61-7.94	14.40-73.60	818-1429
Mean	6.24	37.34	1213
Median	6.14	33.95	1237

Heavy Metals		Cr	Cd	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
Background values in Guizhou^#		87.23	0.34	33.30	31.92	96.65	33.04
The first level		90	0.2	35	-	100	40
The second level	pH<6.5	150	0.3	250	150	200	40
	pH 6.5-7.5	200	0.6	300	200	250	50
	pH>7.5	250	1.0	350	200	300	60
The third level	pH>6.5	300	-	500	400	500	200

Metals	Cr	Cd	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
Mean ± SD	81.08±19.75	0.41±0.22	45.17±19.33	52.01±34.56	104.02±39.95	44.02±19.33
Minimum value	37.22	0.09	16.72	19.82	30.60	8.82
Maximum value	125.09	1.13	90.43	208.25	227.42	111.71
Median	77.56	0.33	43.18	38.31	100.50	40.23

Metals	Category	Cr	Cd	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
Mean ± SD	peel	0.09 ± 0.06	<0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.04	2.15 ± 1.13	1.58 ± 0.56	0.12 ± 0.05
Mean ± SD	flesh	<0.01^a	<0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.1	0.23 ± 0.08	0.06 ± 0.03
Minimum value	peel	0.05	<0.01^a	0.01	1.03	0.60	0.06
Minimum value	flesh	<0.01^a	<0.01^a	0.01	0.09	0.11	0.03
Maximum value	peel	0.45	<0.01^a	0.19	5.19	3.09	0.29
Maximum value	flesh	<0.01^a	<0.01^a	0.07	0.59	0.51	0.15
Median	peel	0.08	<0.01^a	0.08	1.61	1.45	0.10
Median	flesh	<0.01^a	<0.01^a	0.04	0.11	0.21	0.05
Fruit mean^b		0.09	<0.01^a	0.12	2.31	1.81	0.18

Metals	-------------------------------Peel---------------------------------			--------------------------------Flesh---------------------------------
	Mean	Median	Range	Mean	Median	Range
Cr	0.0013	0.0010	0.0006-0.0122	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001-0.0003
Cd	0.0007	0.0006	<0.0001-0.0041	0.0003	0.0003	0.0001-0.0014
Pb	0.0019	0.0018	0.0002-0.0029	0.0009	0.0009	0.0005-0.0012
Cu	0.0451	0.0435	0.0197-0.0794	0.0033	0.0031	0.0017-0.0058
Zn	0.0184	0.0128	0.0060-0.0986	0.0026	0.0019	0.0011-0.0133
Ni	0.0034	0.0023	0.0017-0.0285	0.0017	0.0012	0.0011-0.0171

Environment parameters	--------------------------------------Heavy metals in kiwifruit peel (mg kg^-1)---------------------------------------
	Cr	Cd	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
[Cr]_soil	-0.213	0.016	0.000	0.098	-0.030	0.262^*
[Cd]_soil	0.050	0.673^**	-0.088	0.244^*	0.043	0.316^**
[Pb]_soil	-0.159	0.040	0.711^**	-0.285^*	-0.033	0.056
[Cu]_soil	0.429^**	0.411^**	-0.347^**	0.844^**	0.418^**	0.714^**
[Zn]_soil	-0.136	0.261^*	0.006	0.267^*	0.157	0.325^**
[Ni]_soil	-0.190	0.244^*	0.057	0.317^**	0.024	0.452^**
pH	0.202	-0.268^*	0.064	0.011	0.036	-0.065
OM	-0.099	0.042	0.249	-0.056	-0.014	-0.180
Elevation	0.149	0.103	0.038	0.216	0.009	0.104

Environment parameters	---------------------------------------Heavy metals in kiwifruit flesh (mg kg^-1)----------------------------------------
	Cr	Cd	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
[Cr]soil	1.000^**	0.160	0.144	0.0.327^**	0.759^**	0.732^**
[Cd]soil	0.160	1.000^**	0.093	0.375^**	0.398^**	0.364^**
[Pb]soil	0.144	0.093	1.000^**	-0.256^*	0.237^*	0.133
[Cu]soil	0.327^**	0.375^**	-0.256^*	1.000^**	0.493^**	0.627^**
[Zn]soil	0.759^**	0.398^**	0.237^*	0.495^**	1.000^**	0.774^**
[Ni]soil	0.732^**	0.364^**	0.133	0.627^**	0.774^**	1.000^**
pH	-0.225	-0.493^**	0.040	-0.130	-0.305^*	-0.268
OM	-0.188	-0.242	0.131	-0.215	-0.285^*	-0.100
Elevation	0.055	0.148	-0.030	0.237^*	0.053	0.109

Elements	[Cr]_flesh	[Cd]_flesh	[Pb]_flesh	[Cu]_flesh	[Zn]_flesh	[Ni]_flesh
[Cr]_peel	0.971^**	0.162	-0.302^*	0.742^**	0.572^**	0.655^**
[Cd]_peel	0.207	0.810^**	0.054	0.370^**	0.294^*	0.355^**
[Pb]_peel	-0.326^**	-0.038	0.748^**	-0.366^**	-0.176	-0.175
[Cu]_peel	0.548^**	0.292^*	-0.372^**	0.910^**	0.594^**	0.719^**
[Zn]_peel	0.576^**	0.129	-0.194	0.595^**	0.912^**	0.588^**
[Ni]_peel	0.625^**	0.389^**	-0.079	0.716^**	0.674^**	0.919^**