Horticultural performance of ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ apple trees trained at Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis systems grafted on different rootstocks in Southern Brazil

Rufato, Leo; Woitexen, Juliana Fátima Welter; Luz, Alberto Ramos; Silva, Pricila Santos da; Macedo, Tiago Afonso de; Pereira, Marilia Feliciano Goulart; Ferreira, Augusto Schütz; Kretzschmar, Aike Anneliese

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210419

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CROP PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 52 (10) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210419 copy

Horticultural performance of ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ apple trees trained at Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis systems grafted on different rootstocks in Southern Brazil

Comportamento agronômico de macieiras ‘Fuji Suprema’ e ‘Maxi Gala’ conduzidas em Tall Spindle e Bi-Axis enxertadas em diferentes porta-enxertos no Sul do Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The use of new rootstocks combined with different training systems have been studied to increase productivity, fruit quality, and reduce costs. Another important factor is the validation of studies under replanting conditions, due to the growing limitation of new areas for planting commercial apple orchards in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ apple trees in two training systems grafted on two rootstocks. The study occurred during the seasons 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19, in an orchard located in southern Brazil in an area previously cultivated with apple trees. A randomized block design consisting of a 2x2 factorial was used, with Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis as the training system and ‘M.9’ and ‘G.213’ as rootstocks of Fuji Suprema and Maxi Gala cultivars. Variables were evaluated to determine tree vigor, as well as yield and fruit quality characteristics. It was observed that ‘G.213’ promoted higher vigor for both cultivars as well as the Bi-Axis training system in the Maxi Gala cultivar. The highest yield was observed in Tall Spindle as well as the rootstock ‘G.213’ in both cultivars. The most significant changes on fruit quality occurred in the Bi-Axis training system, presenting higher intensity of red color as well as ‘Maxi Gala’ grafted on ‘G.213’ rootstock.

Key words:
Malus domestica; Geneva^®; yield efficiency; fruit quality

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: albertoramosluz@yahoo.com.br. ^*Corresponding author

Season	Training System/Rootstock	-------Tree height (m)------				--Canopy Volume (m³)--					--------------TSCA (cm²)------------					Nº of lateral branches --------------(Nº tree^-1)------------
	Training System/Rootstock	---M.9---			-G.213--	----M.9----				--G.213--	-----------M.9-----------				G.213	-----M.9-----	----G.213----
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maxi Gala----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	2.1	a^ns	2.0	a		1.5	a^*	2.6	a		4.4	a^*	6.0	b		6.4	b^*	13.3	b
2016/17	Bi-axis	1.5	b^*	1.8	b		0.5	b^*	1.5	b		4.2	a^*	6.9	a		9.6	a^*	17.9	a
2017/18	Tall Spindle	2.7	a^*	2.3	a		1.9	a^*	3.0	b		6.5	a^*	9.5	b		14.1	b^*	18.2	b
2017/18	Bi-axis	1.9	b^*	2.2	a		2.0	a^*	4.3	a		7.5	a^*	12.3	a		23.5	a^*	28.5	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	2.9	a^ns	2.8	a		3.5	b^*	5.0	b		10.3	b^*	12.2	b		16.0	b^*	18.3	b
2018/19	Bi-axis	2.3	b^ns	2.4	b		4.4	a^*	5.5	a		13.4	a^*	16.7	a		22.3	a^*	28.6	a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fuji Suprema-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	2.0	a^ns	2.1	a		1.6	a^*	2.8	a		5.2	a^*	8.0	a		10.4	b^*	14.4	b
2016/17	Bi-axis	1.6	b^ns	1.5	b		1.0	b^*	1.1	b		5.5	a^*	6.7	b		12.3	a^*	20.2	a
2017/18	Tall Spindle	2.5	a^ns	2.5	a		2.4	b^*	3.6	a		9.0	b^*	12.5	a		15.4	b^*	21.4	b
2017/18	Bi-axis	2.1	b^ns	1.9	b		3.4	a^ns	3.3	a		11.0	a^ns	11.6	a		28.6	a^*	32.2	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	2.9	a^ns	2.7	a		4.5	b^ns	3.8	b		17.3	a^ns	19.7	a		17.5	b^ns	17.9	b
2018/19	Bi-axis	2.5	b^ns	2.3	b		5.2	a^ns	4.6	a		19.5	a^ns	18.8	a		25.2	a^ns	29.2	a

Season	Training System/Rootstock	---Production (Kg tree^-1)---				Estimated yield ---------------(t ha^-1)-------------			Yield efficiency -----------(Kg cm²)---------
		-----M.9----			--G.213--	------M.9-----	---G.213---		------M.9-----			---G.213---
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Maxi Gala----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	1.5	a^*	5.6	a		5.5	a^*	20.0	a	0.4	a^*	0.9	a
2016/17	Bi-axis	1.8	a^*	4.3	b		3.2	b^*	7.7	b	0.4	a^*	0.6	b
2017/18	Tall Spindle	7.5	a^*	13.4	b		26.6	a^*	47.8	a	1.1	a^*	1.4	a
2017/18	Bi-axis	8.3	a^*	17.5	a		14.8	b^*	31.2	b	1.1	a^*	1.4	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	5.8	a^*	9.5	a		20.7	a^*	34.1	a	0.5	a^*	0.8	a
2018/19	Bi-axis	5.7	a^ns	6.6	b		10.2	b^ns	11.8	b	0.4	a^ns	0.4	b
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Fuji Suprema--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	1.6	a^*	7.8	a		4.6	a^*	21.6	a	0.3	a^*	1.0	a
2016/17	Bi-axis	0.3	b^*	2.9	b		0.4	b^*	4.1	b	0.0	b^*	0.4	b
2017/18	Tall Spindle	5.7	a^ns	7.3	b		15.8	a^*	20.2	a	0.6	a^ns	0.6	b
2017/18	Bi-axis	5.2	a^*	11.0	a		7.30	b^*	15.3	b	0.5	a^*	0.8	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	5.0	b^*	12.7	a		13.9	a^*	35.2	a	0.2	b^*	0.6	a
	Bi-axis	10.0	a^ns	10.1	a		13.6	a^ns	14.1	b	0.5	a^ns	0.6	a


Season	Training System/Rootstock	--------Fruit weight (g)-------				Fruit diameter ------------(mm)------------				-----Flesh firmness (N)-----			-----Soluble solids (°Brix)----
		---M.9---			-G.213-	---M.9--	-G.213-			---M.9--	-G.213-		----M.9----	--G.213--
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maxi Gala----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	181	a^ns	179	a		73	a^*	72	a	71.5	a^ns	72.1	a	12.5	a^ns	12.5	a
	Bi-axis	179	a^ns	179	a		74	a^*	72	a	73.3	a^ns	72.8	a	12.6	a^ns	13.2	a
2017/18	Tall Spindle	129	a^ns	125	a		66	a^ns	65	a	75.8	a^ns	71.1	b	11.5	a^ns	12.0	a
2017/18	Bi-axis	124	a^ns	123	a		65	a^ns	65	a	77.4	a^*	82.3	a	11.3	a^ns	12.1	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	145	a^*	167	a		65	a^ns	68	a	85.7	a^*	76.4	b	11.5	b^*	12.0	b
2018/19	Bi-axis	148	a^*	159	b		65	a^ns	69	a	85.4	a^ns	84.7	a	12.0	a^*	12.5	a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fuji Suprema------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	168	a^*	184	a		77	a^ns	78	a	68.5	a^ns	62.8	a	13.1	a^*	13.4	a
2016/17	Bi-axis	155	b^*	172	b		73	b^ns	76	b	64.3	a^ns	65.5	a	12.7	a^*	14.0	a
2017/18	Tall Spindle	134	a^ns	141	a		72	a^ns	70	a	77.4	a^ns	77.0	a	13.6	a^ns	14.3	a
2017/18	Bi-axis	143	a^ns	139	a		69	a^ns	70	a	77.8	a^ns	74.0	a	13.7	a^ns	13.7	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	156	a^ns	153	a		71	a^ns	71	a	76.6	a^*	69.4	b	13.9	a^ns	13.8	a
2018/19	Bi-axis	156	a^ns	160	a		70	a^ns	70	a	72.5	a^*	79.7	a	14.0	a^ns	14.9	a

Season	Training System/Rootstock	---------------------------------------Red color intensity (ºHue)---------------------------------
		---------M.9--------			-----G.213-----	-----------M.9---------	-----G.213-----
		-----------------Maxi Gala---------------				-----------------Fuji Suprema---------------
2016/17	Tall Spindle	44.0	a^*	48.7	b	-		-
	Bi-axis	54.1	b^*	38.4	a	-		-
2017/18	Tall Spindle	43.6	b^*	37.4	a	31.6	a^*	35.3	b
2017/18	Bi-axis	38.2	a^*	41.4	b	31.3	a^ns	30.3	a
2018/19	Tall Spindle	39.9	a^*	39.1	b	33.5	b^*	36.3	b
2018/19	Bi-axis	41.9	b^*	34.9	a	30.9	a^*	34.9	a