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Ethanol extract of Cymbopogon winterianus on mortality and number of eggs of Tetranychus urticae

Extrato etanólico de Cymbopogon winterianus na mortalidade e no número de ovos de Tetranychus urticae

Abstracts

Plant extracts have been studied as a promising source of natural insecticides. This study assessed the effect of the ethanol extract of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella grass) in comparison with an insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA) on mortality and number of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in laboratory conditions. For the tests, the mites were sprayed with the aid of a Potter spray tower. To assess the mortality of females, LC50 value for extract of citronella grass and ICA was, respectively, 2.63 and 2.83%. With respect to the number of eggs, the greatest reduction was observed at a concentration of 5% for the evaluation period of 120h, both for the extract of citronella grass (86%) and for ICA (81%). These results suggest the potential of the ethanol extract of citronella grass to control of T. urticae. However, experiments, under field conditions, involving other populations of T. urticae should be performed to verify the efficacy of this extract as an alternative to be used in pest management programs

two-spotted spider mite; alternative control; neem; plant extracts


Extratos vegetais têm sido estudados como uma fonte promissora de inseticidas naturais. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito do extrato etanólico de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (capim-citronela) em comparação com um inseticida contendo azadiractina (ICA) sobre a mortalidade e o número de ovos de Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), em condições de laboratório. Para a realização dos ensaios, os ácaros foram pulverizados com o auxílio da torre de Potter. Para o teste de avaliação da mortalidade de fêmeas, a CL50, para o extrato de capim-citronela e ICA, foi, respectivamente, 2,63 e 2,83%. Em relação ao número de ovos, a maior redução foi observada na concentração de 5% no intervalo de avaliação de 120h, tanto para o extrato de capim-citronela (86%) quanto para o ICA (81%). Estes resultados sugerem que o extrato etanólico de capim-citronela apresenta potencial para ser utilizado no controle de T. urticae. Entretanto, ainda devem ser realizados experimentos em condições de campo, envolvendo outras populações de T. urticae, para averiguar a eficácia deste extrato como alternativa a ser utilizada em programas de manejo da praga

ácaro-rajado; controle alternativo; nim; extratos vegetais


INTRODUCTION:

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most economically important species in the world due to its cosmopolitan occurrence and abundance in many cropping systems, including fruits, vegetables, oilseed, ornamental and medicinal plants (GALLO et al., 2002GALLO, D. et al. Entomologia agrícola. Piracicaba: Fealq, 2002. 920p.; FADINI et al., 2004FADINI, M.A.M. et al. Controle de ácaros em sistema de produção integrada de morango. Ciência Rural, v.34, n.4, p.1271-1277, 2004. ; HAN et al., 2011HAN, J. et al. Fumigant toxicity of lemon eucalyptus oil constituents to acaricide-susceptible and acaricide-resistant Tetranychus urticae. Pest Management Science, v.67, n.2, p.609-740, 2011.). Infestation at production of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) seedlings may cause a delay in plant development, weakening and reducing the emission of stolons, and consequently reducing the number of seedlings produced (FLECHTMANN, 1979FLECHTMANN, C.H.W. Ácaros de importância agrícola. São Paulo: Livraria Nobel, 1979. 189p.; CHIAVEGATO & MISCHAN, 1981CHIAVEGATO, L.G.; MISCHAN, M.M. Efeito do Tetranychus (T.) urticae (Koch, 1836) Boudreaux & Dosse, 1963 (Acari, Tetranychidae) na produção do morangueiro (Fragaria sp.) cv. 'Campinas'. Científica, v.9, n.2, p.257-266, 1981.).

Control of the mite may be accomplished through the application of synthetic acaricides (SATO et al., 2004SATO, M.E. et al. Selections for fenpyroximate resistance and susceptibility, and inheritance, crossresistance and stability of fenpyroximate resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, v.39, n.2, p.293-302, 2004.). However, the resistance of this pest to such products has stimulated the search for new control methods, which include the use of plant species with insecticidal and acaricidal properties. In recent years, different studies have been reported the potential of essential oils and plant extracts for control of mites (BERNARDI et al., 2012BERNARDI, D. et al. Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry. Pest Management Science, v.69, n.1, p.75-80, 2012. ; ATTIA et al., 2013ATTIA, S. et al. A review of the major biological approaches to control the worldwide pest Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) with special reference to natural pesticides. Journal of Pest Science, v.86, n.3, p.361-386, 2013. ).

Cymbopogon is a plant genus of the Poaceae family widely spread in mountains, plains and arid zones of almost the entire Brazilian territory (SCHWIRKOWSKI, 2009SCHWIRKOWSKI, P. Projeto de divulgação da flora nativa e exótica da cidade de São Bento do Sul (FloraSBS). Available from: <https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/poaceae/capim-limao>. Accessed: Dec. 09, 2009. Online.
https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/p...
). Belonging to this genus, C. witerianus Jowitt e C. nardus (L.) Rendle are perennial and rhizome forming plants known as citronella grass (JAYASINHA, 1999JAYASINHA, P. Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus). Colombo: Information Services Centre, Industrial Technology Institute, 1999. 45p. ). In Brazil, commercial cultivation for citronella grass has gained prominence due to its external trade and huge industrial applications (BIZZO et al., 2009BIZZO, H.R. et al. Óleos essenciais no Brasil: aspectos gerais, desenvolvimento e perspectivas. Química Nova, v.32, n.3, p.588-594, 2009. ).

Insecticidal and larvicidal activities of extracts obtained from leaves of plants of the genus Cymbopogon have been reported (ADAKOLE & ADEYEMI, 2012ADAKOLE, J.A.; ADEYEMI, A.F.F. Larvicidal effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) extract against Culex quinquefasciatus qularvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Available from: <http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Larvicidal effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) extract...-a0323258128>.Accessed: June 29, 2014. Online.
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Larvicidal...
; THEIN et al., 2013THEIN, W.M. et al. Insecticidal activity of crude plant extracts against Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Philippine Agricultural Scientist, v.96, n.2, p.154-162, 2013.). THEIN et al. (2013THEIN, W.M. et al. Insecticidal activity of crude plant extracts against Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Philippine Agricultural Scientist, v.96, n.2, p.154-162, 2013.) reported that extract of citronella grass leaves provided the highest repellency against Sitophilus spp. and similar level of repellency to langkauas (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.) against Callosobruchus chinensis.

Considering the occurrence of citronella grass plants and strawberry crops economic relevance in Brazil, the potential of the ethanol extract obtained from C. winterianus leaves was evaluated in laboratory conditions on the mortality and number of eggs of T. urticae in order to contribute to the development of alternative methods for controling strawberry crop pests.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Rearing of Tetranychus urticae

Tetranychus urticae adults were collected in January at the Serrano Center of the Capixaba Institute of Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (INCAPER, ES, Brazil). The mites were kept on detached leaves at plastic Petri dishes at 25±1ºC, 70±10% RH and photophase of 12 hours. Leaves were renewed at 5-7 days intervals.

Plant extract

Leaves of C. winterianus were collected from the garden of the Center for Scientific and Technological Development in Phytosanitary Management of Pests and Diseases (NUDEMAFI, Alegre, ES, Brazil) and kept at 40ºC for 72 hours in a forced air oven (S480AD, Biopar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil). Later, the leaves were ground in a knife mill (MA-340, Marconi, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil) with 0.8mm sieve and stored in airtight plastic containers. A paper cartridge was filled with citronella grass powder (5g) and then transferred to an oil and grease extractor (MA-491, Marconi, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil). Absolute ethanol (99.8% ACS) was added to extraction chamber until complete cartridge immersion. The extraction was performed overnight at 110oC. After this, ethanol was completely removed from the extract by heating in a forced air oven for 48 hours at 40oC. The commercial insecticide used was Azamax(r) (DVA AGRO DO BRASIL, Campinas, SP, Brazil) wich contains azadirachtin at a concentration of 1.2% (w/v) and was used as positive control. Azamax(r) will be referred throughout the text as insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA).

The ethanol extract of citronella grass and ICA were used for preparation of formulations at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (v/v). Distilled water was used as solvent and control (concentration 0%) for the ethanol extract of citronella grass and ICA.

Experimental procedure

Strawberry leaves of the Camarosa variety were washed with distilled water, immersed in a sodium hypochlorite solution (1% (v/v)) for 1 minute, and again washed with distilled water. Before using, the leaves were cut in discs (2cm in diameter) and placed upside down in Petri dishes (15cm in diameter and 5cm in high) which were lined on the edges with moistened cotton wool. In each Petri dish, 10 fertilized two-spotted spider mite adult females were placed on the leaf disks.

Mites were sprayed using a Potter spray tower (15lb in-2) with 1.6mg cm-2 of the solution. After spraying, the Petri dishes were transferred to an acclimatized chamber at 25.0±10ºC, relative humidity of 70.0±1.0% and photophase of 12h. With the aid of a stereomicroscope, the number of eggs laid and the number of dead mites were evaluated 24, 72 and 120 hours later. The mortality parameter considered mites that, with the touch of a brush, presented limited movement, i.e., did not move from its original position (STARK et al., 1997STARK, J.D. et al. Reproductive potential: its influence on the susceptibility of a species to pesticides. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v.37, n.3, p.273-279, 1997. ).

Experimental design

Tetranychus urticae generation used for evaluating the potential of the extract of C. winterianus on mortality and number of eggs was distinct from the one used for the positive control (ICA). The experimental design was completely randomized with 10 replications, each corresponding to a disc with 10 mites, for each concentration of each product. The relationship between mortality, number of eggs and concentrations of the solutions obtained from the extract of citronella grass and ICA was evaluated by regression analysis using the software SIGMA PLOT(r) 11.0. Mortality was subjected to Probit analysis using the Polo-PC(r) software, which estimated the LC50.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Mortality of two-spotted spider mites

Tetranychus urticae mortality was significantly affected by the extract of citronella grass and positive control at different concentrations. The data fitted the linear regression model (Y = β0 + β1X) with high statistical significance and coefficient of determination (P< 0.001; R2> 0.82) (Figure 1). The regression slope coefficients obtained for 24, 72 and 120 hours after application of the extract of citronella were β 1(24 Hours) = 13.2855±0.7818, β 1(72 Hours) = 12.8753±0.7984 and β 1(120 Hours) = 13.4594±0.5990 and considering ICA β 1(24 Hours) = 13.1345±0.5295, β 1(72 Hours) = 13.6905±0.5395 and β 1(120 Hours) = 14.2628±0.5355. These values were similar between products for each time of exposure indicating that the extract of citronella grass showed similar toxicity to ICA.

Figure 1:
Mortality (± standard deviation) of Tetranichus urticae treated with different concentrations of extract of citronella grass (A) and insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA) (B) after 24, 72 and 120 hours. Regression equations: Extract of citronella grass: YC(24 Hours)=1.694+13.2855**X; R2=0.842; P<0.0001; YC(72 Hours)=11.2514**+12.8753**X; R2=0.8275; P< 0.0001; YC(120 Hours)=13.1305**+13.4594**X; R2=0.9016; P<0.0001; ICA: YICA(24 Hours)=-0.1605+13.1345**X; R2=0.9192; P<0.0001; YICA(72 Hours)=2.3890+13.6905**X; R2=0.9186; P<0.0001; YICA(120 Hours)=6.3835*+14.2628**X; R2=0.9280; P<0.0001. Regression coefficient followed by * or ** are significant at the 5 or 1% probability, respectively.

It was observed that the mortality of T. urticae increased with increasing concentrations of the extract of citronella grass and ICA. The exposure time also affected the survival of T. urticae. On average, the increase in mortality between 24 and 120 hours after application was 12% to the extract of citronella grass and 10% to ICA considering concentrations between 0 to 5%. These results indicate that the majority of mite mortality occurred in 24 hours after application.

In the control was observed a cumulative mortality of 8.7% for the extract of citronella grass and 3.3% for ICA at 120 hours. These results are directly related to the natural mortality of the mite and also due to handling during the experiment. The extract of citronella grass and ICA at 1% caused, respectively, 31% and 24% of mortality 120 hours after application. Considering this time of exposure and the concentration of 5%, the percentage of mortality caused by the extract of citronella grass and ICA were 78.9 and 77.8%. As seen in figure 1, if more concentrated solutions were tested the tendency would be to obtain higher mortality values.

Other studies have confirmed the toxicity of the ethanol extract of leaves of citronella grass (C. winterianus). At 5% this extract caused mortality of 93.7% on tick Hyalomma anatolicum (LC50 0.14%) and LC50 of 0.46% on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (SINGH et al., 2014SINGH, N.K. et al. Laboratory assessment of acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera extracts against deltamethrin resistant Hyalomma anatolicum. Experimental and Applied Acarology, v.63, n.3, p.423-430, 2014a. a; SINGH et al., 2014SINGH, N.K. et al. Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitology Research, v.113, n.1, p.341-350, 2014b. b).

It was observed that ICA at a concentration of 5% caused 77.8% mortality of T. urticae females (Figure 1). BERNARDI et al. (2012BERNARDI, D. et al. Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry. Pest Management Science, v.69, n.1, p.75-80, 2012. ) found that ICA at a concentration of 0.3%, after seven days of application, caused mortality in 79% of a population of adults and nymphs of T. urticae. The difference between the results can be related to the populations of the pest once immature mites might be more sensitive to azadirachtin than adults. The effect of Neem-I-Go(r) at 5% was tested in leprosis mite in citrus (Brevipalpus phoenicis). It was observed that, after 120 hours, the mortality rate was 76% (JUSTINIANO et al., 2009JUSTINIANO, W. et al. Eficiência do óleo de nem no controle do ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939). Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, v.39, n.1, p.38-42, 2009. ).

Determination of LC50 values

LC50 value for citronella grass extract (2.63%) was lower than the value for ICA (2.83%). However, there was no significantly difference between them due to overlapping confidence intervals (Table 1). Higher LC50 values indicate less toxicity compared to the target organism, and consequently a greater amount of product is required to kill 50% of individuals in the population tested.

Table 1:
Estimation of the LC50 for ethanol extract of citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus) and insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA) on Tetranychus urticae, after 120 hours.

Initialy, these results endorse the possibility of using the extract of citronella grass in pest management programs of the two-spotted spider mite in strawberry plants. However, before using this extract under field conditions, it´s important to consider that growing, harvesting and processing of citronella grass as well the storage and the preparation of its extract are factors that may affect the amount and the stability of the ingredient(s) active(s) (IA(s)). SARMA (2002SARMA, T.C. Variation in oil and its major constituents due to season and stage of the crop in Java citronella Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, v.11, n.2, p.97-100, 2002.) reported that the rain, temperature, light and humidity influence both in the yield of the extraction procedure as in the concentration of the extracted secondary metabolites in C. winterianus. Although there haven´t been found studies relating the stability of the IA(s) in the extracts of citronella grass, it is known that under field conditions, these substances are exposed to thermal and photodegradation. FERREIRA et al. (2013FERREIRA, E.N. et al. Analise da fotoestabilidade de extratos de nim formulados com protetores orgânicos comerciais. São Carlos, SP, 2013. In: JORNADA CIENTÍFICA E TECNOLÓGICA DA UFSCAR, 10., 2013, São Carlos, SP. Anais... São Carlos: UFSCAR, 2013. V.9. ) reported that extracts of the Azadirachta indica (Neem), under field conditions, can remain active for only three days. So, in these cases, the photoprotection of the IA(s) in the extracts is required.

Number of eggs of two-spotted spider mites

The number of eggs laid by T. urticae was affected by both products (extract of citronella grass and ICA) in the different concentrations tested (Figure 2). The parameter number of eggs showed a nonlinear tendency and the data fitted the exponential regression model (Y = β 0EXP(-β 1X)) with high statistical significance and coefficient of determination (P< 0.001; R2 > 0.84).

Figure 2:
Number of eggs (± standard deviation) by Tetranichus urticae treated with different concentrations of extract of citronella grass (A) and insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA) (B) after 24, 72 and 120 hours. Regression equations: Extract of citronella grass: YC(24 Hours)=33.9379**EXP(-0.3065**X); R2=0.8481; P<0.0001; YC(72 Hours)=81.3335**EXP(-0.3945**X); R2=0.9427; P<0.0001; YC(120 Hours)=110.4065**EXP(-0.3807**X); R2=0.9146; P<0.0001; ICA: YICA(24 Hours)=77.4785**EXP(-0.2783**X); R2=0.9224; P<0.0001; YICA(72 Hours)=145.2156**EXP(-0.2698**X); R2=0.9192; P<0.0001; YICA(120 Hours)=198.6560**EXP(-0.2655**X); R2=0.9214; P<0.0001. Regression coefficient followed by * or ** are significant at the 5 or 1% probability, respectively.

At 24, 72 and 120 hours after application of both products, it was observed a difference in the number of eggs of T. urticae when using extract of citronella grass and ICA at 0% of concentration (control). This can be explained due to the mite generation used for evaluating the potential of the extract of C. winterianus on number of eggs was distinct from the one used for the positive control (ICA). Considering the different time intervals after the application of both products, it is possible to verify a pattern of reducing the number of eggs with increasing concentration of them (Figure 2). In general, the regression slope coefficients obtained in different times suggest that citronella grass (β 1(24 Hours) = 0.3065±0.0196, β 1(72 Hours) = 0.3945±0.0163 and β 1(120 Hours) = 0.3807±0.0184) and ICA (β 1(24 Hours) = 0.2783±0.0121, β 1(72 Hours) = 0.2698±0.0129 and β 1(120 Hours) = 0.2655±0.0123) present similar action on population reduction (eggs deposition) of T. urticae.

The greatest reduction in the number of eggs was observed for the different concentrations of the extract of citronella grass after 120 hours. After 24 hours the number of eggs observed when testing concentrations of 0% (control), 1% and 5% were 37, 21 and 9, respectively. On the other hand, at concentrations of 0%, 1% and 5% were observed 115, 65 and 16 eggs, respectively, after 120 hours. Then, after 24 and 120 hours and considering the concentration of 5%, the egg inhibition observed was 76 and 86%, respectively (Figure 2). This suggests that this extract had a deterrent effect on females of T. urticae in relation to number of eggs. The reduction in the number of eggs may also be due to the fact that the mites had died (Figure 1), making impossible the deposition of eggs. Thus, the extract of citronella grass contributed to decrease the population/offspring of T. urticae. According to SINGH et al. (2014SINGH, N.K. et al. Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitology Research, v.113, n.1, p.341-350, 2014b. b), percent inhibition of oviposition of 58% was observed by the ethanolic extract of C. winterianus against R. (B.) microplus.

A progressive reduction in number of eggs was also observed with increasing concentration of ICA (Figure 2). With respect to 24 hours after the application of the positive control and for concentrations of 0% (control), 1% and 5% were observed 79, 54 and 18 eggs, respectively. After the time of exposure of 120 hours, at 0%, 1% and 5% were observed 193, 149 and 37 eggs, respectively. Regarding these values, reductions in the average number of eggs after application of ICA at 5% after 24 and 120 hours were 77 and 81%, respectively.

Azadirachtin alters the ecdysis, due to its similarity to the hormone that regulates this process in the insect, mainly resulting in the death of the young forms, reducing food intake and slowing development. It also reduce fecundity and cause partial or total sterility of eggs wich interfere with the functioning of the endocrine glands that control metamorphosis in insects, preventing development in the larval phase and inhibit chitin synthesis required for development of the insects (GAJMER et al., 2002GAJMER, T. et al. Effect of methanolic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and bakain (Melia azedarach L) seeds on oviposition and egg hatching of Earias vittella (Fab.) (Lep., Noctuidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, v.126, n.5, p.38-243, 2002. ; MARÇON, 2003MARÇON, P.G. Modo de ação de inseticidas e acaricidas. São Paulo: DuPont do Brasil S.A., 2003. 7p. (Informativo Dupont, 21).).

CONCLUSION:

The ethanol extract of citronella grass promoted high mortality and showed a significantly reduced on number of eggs on T. urticae, in laboratory conditions. These results suggests its potential use in controlling this mite population. However, further research must be conducted, under field conditions, to evaluate the use of this extract on control of other T. urticae populations that infect strawberry crop and other economic relevance crops. For the use of this extract in pest management programs, the efficiency and mode of action of compounds present in the tested formulations must still be elucidated. Toxicological tests must also be performed to evaluate the possible effects on human health, non-target organisms and in the environment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge the support of the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Espírito Santo (FAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP)

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    » http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Larvicidal effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) extract...-a0323258128
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  • BERNARDI, D. et al. Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry. Pest Management Science, v.69, n.1, p.75-80, 2012.
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    July 2015

History

  • Received
    16 Feb 2014
  • Accepted
    12 Nov 2014
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