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Grain processing, adaptability, and stability of red rice cultivars

Beneficiamento de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de arroz vermelho

ABSTRACT:

Red rice is consumed in whole grain form due to its beneficial nutritional attributes and has become an option for crop diversification. Several factors during plant development can affect the crop’syield. This study evaluated the adaptability and stability of the post-harvest processing of red rice cultivars and compare them with those of white rice cultivars grown in the municipalities of Campos dos Goytacazes, Seropédica, and Pinheiral, RJ, between 2016 and 2018. Two white rice (BRS Esmeralda and IAC 201) and two red rice cultivars (ENA-AR1601 and Virginia) were distributed in the field under randomized block design with five repetitions. Yield, grain class, ingenuity, and whole grain yield were evaluated. The means of these parameters for cultivars in different locations and years were compared by Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). The Eberhart and Russell regression model was used to estimate the adaptability and stability parameters. The grain classification of the cultivars ENA-AR1601 and Virginia was medium and long, respectively. The red rice cultivars ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia showed higher productive performance than the national average. The red rice cultivars and BRS Esmeralda showed highly predictable behavior based on the environmental stimulus. With average values of 62% in the two years evaluated, the red rice cultivars showed excellent processing yield.

Key words:
whole grain; processing; productivity; Oryza sativa L

RESUMO:

O arroz vermelho é um tipo especial de arroz que devido a atributos benéficos a saúde é consumido na forma integral e tornou-se uma opção de diversificação de cultivo. Diversos fatores durante o desenvolvimento da planta podem afetar o rendimento de beneficiamento. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade, estabilidade e beneficiamento de grãos de cultivares de arroz vermelho e compará-la a de arroz branco produzidas nos municípios de Campos dos Goytacazes, Seropédica e Pinheiral, RJ, durante os anos agrícolas de 2016/2017 e 2017/2018. Os tratamentos foram duas cultivares de arroz branco (BRS Esmeralda e IAC 201) e duas de arroz vermelho (ENA-AR1601 e Virgínia), distribuídos no campo sob o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas a produtividade, classe do grão, o rendimento de engenho e de grãos inteiros. As médias das cultivares em diferentes locais e anos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P< 0,05). Foi adotada a metodologia recomendada por Eberhart e Russell para estimativa dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. A classificação dos grãos das cultivares ENA-AR1601 e Virgínia foi médio e longo, respectivamente. As cultivares de arroz vermelho ENA-AR 1601 e Virgínia apresentaram desempenho produtivo superior a média nacional. As cultivares de arroz vermelho e BRS Esmeralda apresentaram comportamento altamente previsível de acordo ao estímulo ambiental. Com valores médios de 62%, nos dois anos avaliados, as cultivares de arroz vermelho apresentaram excelente rendimento de beneficiamento.

Palavras-chave:>
grão inteiro; processamento; produtividade; Oryza sativa L

INTRODUCTION:

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains proanthocyanidin, the main bioactive compound associated with antioxidant activity (SILVA et. al. 2020SILVA, A. A. et al. Chemical characterization of the antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive capacities of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) whole flour. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, v.47, n.2, p.238-246, 2020. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182020000200238 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2021. doi: 10.4067/S0717-75182020000200238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182020...
). Another flavonoid reported in the pericarp of red rice is anthocyaninwhich, besides its antioxidant properties, inhibits amylase activity, reducing the release of sugars in the blood (RAJENDRAN & CHANDRAN, 2020RAJENDRAN, M.; CHANDRAN, K. R. Grain Dimension, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Properties of Black and Red Varieties of Rice in India. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, v.08, n.3, p.903-923, 2020. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.3.20 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2021. doi: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.3.20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.3.20...
).

During processing, rice grains may suffer mechanical damage resulting in broken grains, which lower the product’s market value (CANELLAS et al. 1997CANELLAS, L. P. et al. Effects of management practices on rice tield grain and hillquality. Ciência Rural, v.27, n.3, p.375-379, 1997. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781997000300002 >. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2019. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84781997000300002.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478199700...
).

The yield of rice cultivars, as with all phenotypic characteristics, is influenced by the genotype, the environmental conditions where the plant developed, and the interaction between both. According to ARTIGIANI et al. (2012ARTIGIANI, A. C. C. A. et al. Upland rice yield and milled quality as affected by hydric availability and fertilization. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, v.42, n.3, p.340-349, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-40632012000300011 >. Accessed: Apr. 20, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1983-40632012000300011.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-4063201200...
),under rainfed conditions, the yield of processing is influenced by the amount of nitrogen fertilizer added, while under irrigated conditions there is no effect of different doses of nitrogen. There can be great variation in water content between grains from the same panicle (SOFIATTI et al. 2006SOFIATTI, V. et al. Effects of the growth regulator, disease control and sowing density on the industrial quality of rice grains. Ciência Rural , v.36, n.2, p.418-423, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000200010 >. Accessed: Jun. 11, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782006000200010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478200600...
) and the water content at harvest can also affect the quantityof whole grains (CANELLAS et al. 1997CANELLAS, L. P. et al. Effects of management practices on rice tield grain and hillquality. Ciência Rural, v.27, n.3, p.375-379, 1997. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781997000300002 >. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2019. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84781997000300002.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478199700...
).

The classification of processed grains is necessary for determining the adequacy of methodologies. According to BOÊNO et al. (2011BOÊNO, J. A. et al. Technological quality of four different genotypes of red rice. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola Ambiental, v.15, n.7, p.718-723, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662011000700010 >. Accessed: Nov. 18, 2019. doi: 10.1590/S1415-43662011000700010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-4366201100...
), when evaluating the grain processing yield of red rice genotypes, the average value was 72.8%, which is higher than that reported in Japan (60% or less).

Thus, this research evaluated the adaptability and stability and grain yield of red rice cultivars and compare it to that of white rice cultivars produced in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The experiments were conducted during the growing season of 2016/2017 (Year 1) and 2017/2018 (Year 2), in three locations in the state of Rio de Janeiro:L1 - Campos dos Goytacazes Campus of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, located at 21°45’15” S and 41°19’28” W; L2 - Experimental area of the Department of Phytotechny of the Agronomy Institute - UFRRJ, in the municipality of Seropédica, located at 22°44’29” S and 43°42’49” W; L3 - Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ) - Câmpus Nilo Peçanha, in the municipality of Pinheiral, located at 22°30’46” S and 44°00’02” W.

The trials were conducted in rainfed systems, with supplementarysprinkler irrigation, and under organic production management. Seeds were sown in beds with a density of 200 g seeds m-2, adjusted according to germination and seed mass of each treatment. Subsequently, when the seedlings presented an average of six definitive leaves, they were transplanted as planting clumps of 8 to 12 seedlings, spaced at 0.20 m from each other. The plots consisted of eight rows of plants, each 4.0 m long and with spacing of 0.5 m between rows. The useful area of the plot consisted of the four central rows, excluding 1.0 m from their ends, corresponding to 4.0 m2. Invasive plants were controlled by manual removal.

The experimental design included a randomized block design with four treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were the registered white rice cultivars, BRS Esmeralda and IAC 201; and the traditional red rice cultivars, ENA-AR1601 and Virginia. Productivity (Prod) was obtained by averaging the total grain yield at 13% moisture in the useful area of the plots of each treatment, expressed in kg ha-1.

The evaluations regarding the industrial and technological quality of the grains, including the grade, yield, and whole grain yield, were performed in the Official Classification Laboratory of the Inspection Service and Plant Health of the Federal Superintendence of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (SISV/SFA) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). For these evaluations, 100g of sample from each plot was obtained, the grains were dried naturally to 13% humidity, and processed using a proof mill (Suzuki, São Paulo, Brazil). The grains were dehulled and evaluated for yield and whole grain levels using a trieur classifier, following Normative Instruction No. 6 of February 16, 2009 and No. 2 of February 7, 2012 (BRASIL, 2009; 2012BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. (Instrução Normativa no 2, de 6 de fevereiro de 2012). Altera a alínea “a” do inciso XXVIII do art. 2º do Anexo I da Instrução Normativa MAPA nº 6, de 16 de fevereiro de 2009. Diário Oficial [da] República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, n.27, p.5-7, 7 fev.2012. Seção 1.).

All data obtained were subjected to individual analysis of variance and means were compared using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). After the homogeneity of variances was verified, joint analysis was performed to study the temporal and regional interactions. Parameters indicating adaptability and stability of the cultivars’ responses, were analyzed using the regression model described by Eberhart and Russell’s (1966EBERHART, A. S. & RUSSEL, W. A. Stability analysis and its application to potato regional trials. Crop Science, v.6, p.36-40, 1966. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100020006x >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100020006x.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011...
). The statistical analyses were performed using the Computational Application in Genetics and Statistics - GENES (CRUZ, 2013CRUZ, C. D. GENES - A software package for analysis in experimental statistics and quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v.35, n.3, p.271-276, 2013. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v35i3.21251 >. Accessed: Apr. 21, 2018. doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v35i3.21251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v...
)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

A significant genetic variability was reported between all cultivars, as determined by the F-test (Table 1), due to expected differences in the origin and characteristics of red and white rice cultivars. Similarly, a significant effect was found for environmental inputs, indicating the heterogeneity in the environmental conditions of the test sites. Further more, a GxA interaction was detected (Table 1).

Table 1
Joint analysis of variance for the four cultivars (ENA-AR 1601, Virginia, BRS Esmeralda, and IAC 201) and six environments (Campos dos Goytacazes, Seropédica, and Pinheiral, in both seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018).

The red rice cultivars ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia showed the highest productivity averages in all locations and years, but it was only possible to identify significant difference with the white rice cultivar BRS Esmeralda in L1 of Year 1 and L2 of Year 2 (Table 2). These results showed that the productivity of the red rice cultivars was high, in contrast with the general expectation that cultivars of special types of rice are less productive than those of white rice (MAGALHÃES JÚNIOR et al. 2012MAGALHÃES JÚNIOR, A. M. et al. Indicação de tipos especiais de arroz para diversificação de cultivo. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Setembro. Pelotas, RS, 2012. 8p. Circular Técnica, 133.). MENEZES et al. (2011MENEZES, B. R. S. et al. Morpho-agronomic characterization in red rice and upland rice. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical , v.41, n.4, p.490-499, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.5216/pat.v41i4.11876 >. Accessed: Jun. 26, 2017. doi: 10.5216/pat.v41i4.11876.
https://doi.org/10.5216/pat.v41i4.11876...
) and MOREIRA et al. (2011MOREIRA, L. B. et al. Agronomic characterization and seed physiological quality of red rice. Revista Caatinga, v.24, n.1, p.9-14, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/index.php/caatinga/article/view/1869 >. Accessed: Jun. 15, 2017.
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) evaluated the productivity of ENA-AR 1601 and Virgínia in rainfed and conventional management systems and recorded average yields of 3658 and 4240 kg ha-1for the former, and 5072 and 2487 kg ha-1 for the latter cultivar (respective to management system). PASSERI LIMA (2014PASSERI-LIMA, R. H. et al. Genetic divergence among special rice types trought of multivariate techniques. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, v.19, n.3, p.299-304, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.5965/223811711932020299 >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.5965/223811711932020299.
https://doi.org/10.5965/2238117119320202...
) reported a yield of 4145 kg ha-1 for the cultivar ENA-AR 1601, grown under the same management conditions mentioned above.

Table 2
Productivity (Prod) of the cultivars ENA AR - 1601, Virginia, BRS Esmeralda, and IAC 201, in sites L1 (Campos dos Goytacazes), L2 (Seropédica), and L3 (Pinheiral), in the seasons 2016/2017 (Year 1) and 2017/2018 (Year 2).

The IAC 201 cultivar, in general, had the lowest yields, ranging from 1114 to 5174 kg ha-1 (Table 2). In two locations, L1 and L3 of Year 2, yield was above the mean, and in L3 it was the second highest, but did not differ significantly from that of ENA-AR 1601 and BRS Esmeralda. The edaphoclimatic and management conditions may interfere in the agronomic performance of cultivars. MASNI &WASLI (2019MASNI, Z.; WASLI, M. E. Yield Performance and Nutrient Uptake of Red Rice Variety (MRM 16) at Different NPK Fertilizer Rates. International Journal of Agronomy, v.2019, ID 5134358, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5134358 >. Accessed: May, 26, 2021. doi: 10.1155/2019/5134358.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5134358...
) evaluated the effect of different levelsof nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on a red rice cultivar. They observed that productivity did not increase by increasing fertilizer amounts beyond the minimum required levels (Nitrogen 60 kg ha-1, Phosphorus 35 kg ha-1, Potassium 40 kg ha-1).

The parameters β0, β1, and σ2 were estimated using the methodology described by EBERHART & RUSSELL (1966EBERHART, A. S. & RUSSEL, W. A. Stability analysis and its application to potato regional trials. Crop Science, v.6, p.36-40, 1966. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100020006x >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100020006x.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011...
), where β0 = genotype mean, β1 = linear regression coefficient (which measures the response of the genotype to environmental variation), and σ2 = variance of the regression deviation. The ideal cultivar in this analysisis the one with β0 as large as possible, β1= 1 and σ2 as small as possible (σ2 = 0). Genotypes with a high linear regression coefficient value and regression variance deviation close to zero are responsive to the improvement of environmental conditions and production stability (OLIVEIRA et al., 2020OLIVEIRA, I. C. M. et al. Genotype-by-environment interaction and yield stability analysis of biomass sorghum hybrids using factor analytic models and environmental covariates. Field Crops Research, v.257, 107929, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107929 >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107929.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.10792...
). The desirable genotype for genetic improvement is the one that is stable and has above-average productivity (ALVES et al., 2020ALVES, N. B. et al. Adaptability and stability of lineages of upland rice evaluated in Minas Gerais. Research, Society and Development, v.9, n.7, e735997857, 2020. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.7857 >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i7.7857
http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.7857...
).

The value of the adaptability parameter, β1, ranged from 0.93 to 1.04 (Table 3), and for all cultivars in this study, these values were not significantly different (β1 = 1), suggesting that they are cultivars of wide adaptability, with a productivity and yield that is proportional to environmental conditions.

Table 3
Adaptability and stability parameters of the four rice cultivars (ENA-AR1601, Virginia, BRS Esmeralda, and IAC 201) analyzed by the method of EBERHART & RUSSELL (1966EBERHART, A. S. & RUSSEL, W. A. Stability analysis and its application to potato regional trials. Crop Science, v.6, p.36-40, 1966. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100020006x >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100020006x.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011...
). Mean yield in kgha-10), estimates of regression coefficients (β1), variance of regression variance (σ2) and coefficient of determination (R2).

The cultivars ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia presented β0 greater than the overall average, which was 3551 kg ha-1(Table 3). The red rice cultivars and BRS Esmeralda showed non-significant σ2 values and high determination coefficients (R2), ranging from 94.2 to 97.6% (Table 3), which suggested that they are cultivars with high stability for the environments where they were tested, and exhibit highly predictable behavior based onthe environmental stimulus (CRUZ et al. 2012CRUZ, C.D. et al. Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento genético. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 2012. 514p.). Following COLOMBARI FILHO et al. (2013COLOMBARI FILHO, J. M. et al. Upland rice breeding in Brazil: a simultaneous genotypic evaluation of stability, adaptability and grain yield. Euphytica, v.192, p.117-129, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-013-0922-2 >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10681-013-0922-2.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-013-0922-...
), in a study conducted in seven states with 264 strains and cultivars, BRS Esmeralda ranked third in adaptability and stability. For example, these cultivars, in environments of lower productivity (L1 and L4), with better rainfall distribution or implementation of a more efficient irrigation system, would respond positively, increasing grain yields.

Cultivar IAC 201 was responsive to changes in the environment, but hadlow stability and a yield below the general average. When evaluating different strains and varieties of rice from the highlands of São Paulo State, REGITANO NETO et al. (2013REGITANO NETO, A. et al. Behavior of upland rice genotypes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.44, n.3, p.512-519, 2013. Available from: <Available from: http://ccarevista.ufc.br/seer/index.php/ccarevista/article/view/1919/829 >. Accessed: Sept. 02, 2021.
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) observed that the cultivar IAC 201 presented non-significant β1 and σ 2, but with β 0 below the general average.

According to IN 6 a dimensions, the grains are classified as follows: long-fine: ≥ 6mm and C/L ratio ≥ 2.75; long: ≥ 6mm; medium: ≥ 5mm and < 6mm; short: < 5mm (BRASIL, 2009BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. (Instrução Normativa no 6, de 16 de 266 fevereiro de 2009). Aprova o Regulamento Técnico do Arroz. Diário Oficial [da] República 267 Federativa do Brasil , Brasília, DF, v.146, n.33, p.3-8, 17 fev.2009. Seção 1.). The grains of the red rice cultivars, ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia, were classified according to Normative Instruction n°6 (BRASIL, 2009) as medium and long, respectively. The white rice cultivars had their grains classified as long-fine (Table 4), as published by the Agronomic Institute of Campinas and in CASTRO et al. (2014CASTRO, A. P. et al. BRS Esmeralda: cultivar de arroz de terras altas com elevada produtividade e maior tolerância à seca. Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. Santo Antônio de Goiás, 2014. 4p. Comunicado Técnico, 215.). BÔENO et al. (2011) studied the technological quality of four genotypes of red rice and found that three of them had long grains and one has medium grains. THAWORNA et al. (2021THAWORNA, S. et al. Clustering of white, red and purple rice cultivars according to their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity in their grains. Agriculture and Natural Resources, v.55, p.89-97, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.34044/j.anres.2021.55.1.12 >. Accessed: May, 20, 2021. doi: 10.34044/j.anres.2021.55.1.12.
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) when evaluating grains of white, red, and purple rice reported higher antioxidant activity of red rice compared to that of white rice. However, the red rice grains were smaller in size.

Table 4
Classification of the grains of the cultivars ENA-AR 1601, Virgínia, BRS Esmeralda, and IAC 201.

The grade of the rice grain is one of the determining factors for marketing the product. The most valued white rice grain in Brazil, for example, is classified as long-fine. Special types of rice are defined by MAGALHÃES JÚNIOR et al. (2012MAGALHÃES JÚNIOR, A. M. et al. Indicação de tipos especiais de arroz para diversificação de cultivo. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Setembro. Pelotas, RS, 2012. 8p. Circular Técnica, 133.), as any type that has sensory or processing qualities different from those predominantly consumed by the population. In addition, various shapes, sizes, amylose contents, grain colors, or aromas allow marketing as a different product for consumption by specific niche markets, and do not need to follow the marketing standards determined for white rice.

Significant effects were observed between the grains of the cultivars evaluated at the different sites in relation to whole grain and yield, at sites L2 and L3. No difference between the treatments could be identified (Tables 5 and 6).

Table 5
Whole grain yield (G.int) of the genotypes ENA AR - 1601, Virginia, BRS Esmeralda, and IAC 201, at sites L1 (Campos dos Goytacazes), L2 (Seropédica), and L3 (Pinheiral), in the agricultural years 2016/2017 (Year 1) and 2017/2018 (Year 2).
Table 6
Yield of ingenuity (Rend) of the genotypes ENA AR - 1601, Virginia, BRS Esmeralda, and IAC 201, in sites L1 (Campos dos Goytacazes), L2 (Seropédica), and L3 (Pinheiral), in the seasons 2016/2017 (Year 1) and 2017/2018 (Year 2).

In the grains produced in sites L2 and L3 of Year 1, the highest yield of whole grains was reported for all cultivars (Table 5). With the exception of L1 for the cultivar BRS Esmeralda, Year 1 was statistically superior to Year 2. The greatest variation was found in the cultivar ENA-AR 1601, with averages ranging between 47.3% in L1 of Year 2 to 70.6% in L2 of Year 1 (Table 3). In L3 of Year 1 the highest yield was detected for all cultivars and L1 of Year 2 was the least productive environment (Table 6).

According to SWAMY & BHATTACHARYA (1979SWAMY, Y. M. I.; BHATTACHARYA, K. R. Breakage of rice during milling: a review. Journal of Food Process Engineering, v.3, n.1, p.29-42, 1979. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.1979.tb00221.x >. Accessed: May, 18, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1979.tb00221.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.1979...
), the yields of whole and coarse grains are closely related to the cropping system, genetic characteristics of the cultivar, climatic conditions and cultural practices during development, maturation and harvest as well as types of post-harvest processing and handling. Among these, the key factor affecting the yield is the timing of harvest. For MARCHEZAN et al. (1993MARCHEZAN, E. et al. Relationships between sowing time, harvest time and whole grain yield of irrigated rice cultivars. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.28, n.7, p.843-848, 1993. Available from: <Available from: https://seer.sct.embrapa.br/index.php/pab/article/view/3945/1236 >. Accessed: May, 05, 2019.
https://seer.sct.embrapa.br/index.php/pa...
), harvests performed with a moisture content above the recommended levels (18 to 22%), lead to a high percentage of malformed, chalky and immature grains during processing. However, the drying of the grain, the management of the crop, and the equipment used in processing should also be considered.

According to VIEIRA & RABELO, (2006VIEIRA, N. R. A.; RABELO, R.R. Qualidade tecnológica. In: SANTOS, A. B. et al. A cultura do arroz no Brasil. Santo Antônio de Goiás: Embrapa Arroz e Feijão , 2006. 2ed. p.869-900.), in rain fed rice there is greater variation in the intensity of lower whole grain yields due to the effects of climatic variations in which the rice produced is adversely affected. Fluctuations can be significant from one year to the next depending on the intensity of environmental stresses, such as water deficiency.

In three locations, L1 and L3 of Year 1 and L1 of Year 2, the cultivar ENA-AR 1601 obtained the lowest yields, with 70.1; 76.7 and 64.1% respectively (Table 6). Virginia obtained similar results to those of white rice cultivars, with its yield ranging from 69.6 to 80.4%. BOÊNO et al (2011BOÊNO, J. A. et al. Technological quality of four different genotypes of red rice. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola Ambiental, v.15, n.7, p.718-723, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662011000700010 >. Accessed: Nov. 18, 2019. doi: 10.1590/S1415-43662011000700010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-4366201100...
) reported 72.8% average yield and 64.2% whole grain yield in red rice genotypes. In this study red rice cultivars showed very high whole grain yields (Table 6).

Regarding white rice cultivars, CASTRO et al. (2014CASTRO, A. P. et al. BRS Esmeralda: cultivar de arroz de terras altas com elevada produtividade e maior tolerância à seca. Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. Santo Antônio de Goiás, 2014. 4p. Comunicado Técnico, 215.) classified BRS Esmeralda as having a “high yield of whole grains when harvested at the appropriate stage” and BORDIN et al (2003BORDIN, L. et al. Double crop - commom bean with upland rice, submitted to rates of nitrogen fertilization after green cover under no-tillage system. Bragantia, v.62, n.3, p.417-428, 2003. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052003000300008 >. Accessed: Jan. 24, 2019. doi: 10.1590/S0006-87052003000300008.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-8705200300...
) and FARINELLI et al. (2004FARINELLI, R. et al. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on agronomic characteristics of upland rice cultivated under no-tillage. Revista Brasileira Ciência de Solo, v.28, n.3, p.447-454, 2004. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832004000300006 >. Accessed: Feb. 24, 2019. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832004000300006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683200400...
) observed yields above 70% and of whole grains above 60% with the cultivar IAC 202. MINGOTTE et al (2012MINGOTTE, F. L. C. et al. Physico-chemical parameters of rice cultivars fertilized with nitrogen. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v.33 (suplemento 1), p.2605-2618, 2012. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33Supl1p2605 >. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2017. doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33Supl1p2605.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2012...
) reported a yield of 72% and a whole grain yield of 53.1% for the cultivar IAC 201, correlating with the results of the 13 cultivars evaluated in this study.

The Brazilian legislation requires a base yield of 68% for white rice, consisting of 40% of whole grains and 28% of broken grains and chirera, with values below these being outside the national standards for marketing the product (BRASIL, 1988BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. (Portaria nº 269, de 17 de novembro de 1988). Aprova a norma a ser observada na classificação, embalagem e marcação do arroz. Diário Oficial [da] República 267 Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, p.22531, 22 nov.1988. Seção 1.). It is worth noting that to produce red rice with quality pigments, more modern processing methods are required, because most of the phytochemical components of rice grains are found in the bran fraction or in the epidermis (SADIMANTARA et al. 2019).

CONCLUSION:

For rainfed systems, the red rice cultivars ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia showed yields above the national average. The grain ratings of the cultivars ENA-AR1601 and Virginia were medium and long, respectively. The grains produced in the first year of the trial had the highest yield of whole and coarse grains for all four cultivars in all locations. In both years, excellent processing yields of 62% were recorded.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. The Official Classification Laboratory of the Inspection Service and Plant Health of the Federal Superintendence of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (SISV/SFA) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) for performing the analyses.

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  • CR-2021-0418.R2

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

  • DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    We declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Edited by

Editors: Leandro Souza da Silva (0000-0002-1636-6643)
Melissa Walter (0000-0003-0535-0352)

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    06 May 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    26 May 2021
  • Accepted
    15 Dec 2021
  • Reviewed
    14 Mar 2022
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