Multidimensional poverty of the ethnic tibetan farm and Herder households in Gansu province, China

Yang, Fan; Paudel, Krishna; Zhuang, Tianhui; Jiang, Yao

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20180559

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RURAL SOCIOLOGY • Cienc. Rural 49 (8) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180559 copy

Multidimensional poverty of the ethnic tibetan farm and Herder households in Gansu province, China

Pobreza multidimensional da fazenda tibetana étnica e das famílias de Herder na província de Gansu, China

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households (FHH) in Gansu Province, China are stricken with poverty. Solving the poverty problem in this or other poverty pockets across China has special importance for the country’s political stability, ethnic unity, social well-being, and ecological security. This paper calculates the multidimensional poverty situation of ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households of Gansu Province, China by using the Alkire-Foster method. Twelve indicators are included in the multidimensional poverty indicator system. Results showed that 1) in the single indicator measure, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x₃), the home toilet type (x₇), and the labor availability (x₂) showed a higher incidence of deprivation, 2) many FHH in the Tibetan areas of the Gansu Province are facing multidimensional poverty but the proportion of extreme poverty is very small, and 3) from the perspective of contribution rate, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x₃), labor availability (x₂), self-health assessment (x₁), home toilet type (x₇), and school-age children dropout rate (x₄) occupied the top five positions as obtained from the equal weight to dimensions (DEW) method.

Key words:
Alkire-Foster method; farm and herder households; multidimensional poverty; poverty alleviation,Tibetan people

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Dimension	Number	Indicator	Deprivation cutoff
Health	1	Self-health assessment (x ₁)	Household head’s evaluation of family members health, if all good=0; otherwise=1
Health	2	Labor availability (x ₂)	If all the adult family members in the household are available labors=0; otherwise=1
Education	3	Adult family members received 9th grade education (x ₃)	If all adult family members have formal schooling equal or above 9 years=0; otherwise=1
Education	4	School-age children dropout (x ₄)	If school age children are not attended in the school=1; otherwise=0
Living standard	5	Per capita housing area (x ₅)	Per capita housing areas is less than 25 square meters=1; per capita housing areas is equal to 25 square meters or more=0
	6	Housing quality (x ₆)	Dilapidated building=1; not dilapidated building=0
	7	Home toilet type (x ₇)	No toilet or dry toilet=1; flush toilet=0
	8	Animal shed is within the house where people live (x ₈)	Yes=1; otherwise=0
	9	Sources of drinking water (x ₉)	Tap water or well water with well depth of 5 meters or more=0; otherwise=1
	10	Household electricity supply (x ₁₀)	Continuous power supply availability=0; otherwise=1
	11	Household fuel supply(x ₁₁)	Fuel supply is enough for cooking purpose=0; otherwise=1
	12	Number of consumer durables(x ₁₂)	The number of household consumer durables (such as TV, washing machine, car, etc.) is less than 3=1; otherwise=0

Indicator	Ranking
School-age children dropout (x ₄)	1
Adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x ₃)	2
Self-health assessment (x ₁)	3
Labor availability (x ₂)	4
Sources of drinking water (x ₉)	5
Animal shed is within the house where people live (x ₈)	6
Home toilet type (x ₇)	7
Housing quality (x ₆)	8
Household fuel supply(x ₁₁)	9
Per capita housing area (x ₅)	10
Household electricity supply (x ₁₀)	11
Number of consumer durables(x ₁₂)	12

Dimension	Indicator	AHP	IEW	DEW	EM	PCA	FA
Health	Self-health assessment (x ₁)	0.118	0.083	0.167	0.082	0.113	0.164
Health	Labor availability (x ₂)	0.039	0.083	0.167	0.096	0.144	0.088
Education	Adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x ₃)	0.099	0.083	0.167	0.107	0.019	0.131
Education	School-age children dropout (x ₄)	0.495	0.083	0.167	0.066	0.038	0.119
Living standard	Per capita housing area (x ₅)	0.009	0.083	0.042	0.090	0.044	0.102
	Housing quality (x ₆)	0.062	0.083	0.042	0.072	0.179	0.074
	Home toilet type (x ₇)	0.022	0.083	0.042	0.107	0.074	0.045
	Animal shed is within the house where people live (x ₈)	0.053	0.083	0.042	0.085	0.101	0.002
	Sources of drinking water (x ₉)	0.043	0.083	0.042	0.089	0.018	0.074
	Household electricity supply (x ₁₀)	0.025	0.083	0.042	0.064	0.130	0.041
	Household fuel supply(x ₁₁)	0.024	0.083	0.042	0.090	0.057	0.091
	Number of consumer durables(x ₁₂)	0.012	0.083	0.042	0.052	0.083	0.066

Number of deprivation indicators	Number of the poor households	Percentage of the poor households (%)
0	7	1.25
1	10	1.79
2	50	8.94
3	142	25.40
4	149	26.65
5	108	19.32
6	52	9.30
7	29	5.19
8	10	1.79
9	2	0.36

	AHP	IEW	DEW	EM	PCA	FA
AHP	1
IEW	0.898	1
DEW	0.899	0.977	1
EM	0.890	0.994	0.987	1
PCA	0.956	0.978	0.959	0.971	1
FA	0.916	0.986	0.994	0.995	0.977	1

Dimension	AHP	IEW	DEW	EM	PCA	FA
Health	0.226	0.191	0.393	0.177	0.401	0.252
Education	0.583	0.227	0.383	0.258	0.059	0.325
Living standard	0.190	0.584	0.224	0.566	0.540	0.424