Urban Areas of Exclusion and Groups in Situations of Vulnerability |
Jung2525. Jung M. Determinants of social quality and their regional disparities: an integrated approach for health equity in South Korea. Health Care Manag (Frederick) 2014; 33(4):310-320.
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To identify social and health quality indicators in South Korean communities. |
Regional social and health quality indicators are considerably different from local economic index or health indicators. Disparities probably originate from the degree of urbanization and from the degree of citizens’ cohesion. Hence, government relations must be analyzed in order to elucidate what causes these disparities and to develop policies that will improve social quality in general and continuously. |
Schwarz et al.2626. Schwarz K, Fragkias M, Boone CG, Zhou W, McHale M, Grove JM, O’Neil-Dunne J, McFadden JP, Buckley GL, Childers D, Ogden L, Pincetl S, Pataki D, Whitmer A, Cadenasso ML. Trees grow on money: urban tree canopy cover and environmental justice. PLoS One 2015; 10(4):e0122051.
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To examine urban tree coverage in seven cities of the United States. |
There is a positive correlation between afforestation and average family income. However, interventions to increase afforestation should consider distributive equity and the community's needs (desire, willingness to care), or the costs may exceed the benefits. |
Attoh2727. Attoh KA. What kind of right is the right to the city? Prog Hum Geogr 2011; 35(5):669-685.
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To analyze the concept of right to the city as well as its sources of tension and contradictions. |
Right to the city represents costs, requires compromise, and may come at the expense of other rights. The question of what kind of right is right to the city destroys the contradictions that must be fulfilled by those who wish to see the city's progressive potential. This process must be collective because strategic fragility can be politically convenient. |
Skinner, Masuda2828. Skinner E, Masuda JR. Right to a healthy city? Examining the relationship between urban space and health inequity by Aboriginal youth artist-activists in Winnipeg. Soc Sci Med 2013; 91:210-218.
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To explore the personal health geography and the right to the city, mapping of Aboriginal youth. |
Location, mobility, and limits affect health and reflect inequalities. Urban spaces produce and are produced by racist geographies that isolate, segregate, and increase risk exposure. Right to the city and right to health require that such attitudes and behaviors be dismantled. |
Friel et al.2929. Friel S, Hancock T, Kjellstrom T, McGranahan G, Monge P, Roy. Urban health inequities and the added pressure of climate change: an action-oriented research agenda. J Urban Health 2011; 88(5):886-895.
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To describe how urban and social planning influences health equity. |
Different types of governance can shape agendas, policies, and programs, which will either help to promote health or perpetuate social exclusion. Unequal resource distribution associated with health inequalities suggests that the local urbanization model needs to be reconsidered. |
Rice, Hancock3030. Rice M, Hancock T. Equity, sustainability and governance in urban settings. Glob Health Promot 2016; 23(Supl. 1):94-97.
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To discuss ecological sustainability, social equity, and their interactions in the urban governance process. |
To inspire future generations, urban governance should use participatory tools, forums, and virtual networks with intersectoral committees, civil society organizations, and excluded groups to channel policy and program development processes that produce fairer cities as well as healthy and sustainable environments. |
Rolnik3131. Rolnik R. Democracy on the edge: limits and possibilities in the implementation of an urban reform agenda in Brazil. Int J Urban Reg Res 2011; 35(2):239-255.
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To assess obstacles to the urban reform agenda implementation. |
In Brazil, urban reform advancement requires a policy based on strengthening of democratic spaces, social control, and a fundamental plan for political reform and development of urban governance to consolidate democracy in the country. |
Caiaffa et al.3232. Caiaffa WT, Ferreira FR, Ferreira AD, Oliveira CD, Camargos VP, Proietti FA. Urban health: “the city is a strange lady, smiling today, devouring you tomorrow”. Cien Saude Colet 2008; 13(6):1785-1796.
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To explore the transformations of contemporary cities and the impacts on human health. |
Health studies in the urban environment require transdisciplinarity to develop theories, concepts, and methods. Negative urban impacts amplify adverse effects on health, suggesting that assessments and non-health interventions must be reconsidered. |
Friel et al.3333. Friel S, Akerman M, Hancock T, Kumaresan J, Marmot M, Melin T, Vlahov D. Addressing the social and environmental determinants of urban health equity: evidence for action and a research agenda. J Urban Health 2011; 88(5):860-874.
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To describe the relationship between climate change and urban health inequities. |
Climate change exacerbates social inequalities and urban health. Despite the help of policies, health programs, and urban planning, gaps still have to be addressed in different socioeconomic contexts as well as in the living and working environments. The authors suggest a global research agenda. |
Caiaffa, Friche3434. Caiaffa WT, Friche AA. Urbanization, globalization and road safety: a potential dialogue in search of equity? Cien Saude Colet 2012; 17(9):2238-2341.
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To bring individuals who produce academic knowledge and individuals who draw up public policies closer. |
The authors reinforce that it is important to bring the academia and politicians closer in order to discuss urban land transport, public health investments, equity-focused programs, as well as actions involving the government and the society with a view to a safe and healthy urban life. |
Martenies et al.3535. Martenies SE, Wilkins D, Batterman SA. Health impact metrics for air pollution management strategies. Environ Int 2015; 85:84-95.
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To evaluate metrics of health impacts and similar metrics for air quality management. |
Recommendations for metrics selection: they must be comprehensive and capable of identifying morbidity and mortality and of communicating health impacts, they must use local data, and they must incorporate public health outcomes into spatial and temporal dimensions and the equity of impacts. |
Prasad et al.3636. Prasad A, Kano M, Dagg KA, Mori H, Senkoro HH, Ardakani MA, Elfeky S, Good S, Engelhardt K, Ross A, Armada F. Prioritizing action on health inequities in cities: An evaluation of urban health equity assessment and response tool (Urban HEART) in 15 cities from Asia and Africa. Soc Sci Med 2015; 145:237-242.
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To analyze the use of the WHO Urban HEART tool, which addresses health inequalities in cities. |
Improved access to drinking water, sanitation, and unemployment guide intervention in cities. Local governments and stakeholders have shown greater control and confidence in using the HEART tool to drive local action and to improve equity in health. |
Wu et al.3737. Wu L, Leung H, Jiang H, Zheng H, Ma L. Incorporating Human Movement Behavior into the Analysis of Spatially Distributed Infrastructure. PLoS One 2016; 11(1):e0147216.
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To explore cellular network collaboration as a means to identify resource use. |
City management faces the challenges related to resource (water, food, and energy) supply efficiency, equity, and quality by using the cellular network, which spatially records the movement of resource use. This has a significant impact on resource consumption and brings a new perspective of study that integrates human movement with spatial distribution. |