Factors associated with traffic accidents among drivers: findings from a population-based study

Rios, Polianna Alves Andrade; Mota, Eduardo Luiz Andrade; Ferreira, Luciano Nery; Cardoso, Jefferson Paixão; Ribeiro, Vivian Mara; Souza, Bruna Silva de

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020253.1192201

Polianna Alves Andrade Rios

Departamento de Saúde II, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Av. José Moreira Sobrinho s/n, Jequiezinho. 45205-490 Jequié BA Brasil. polianauesb@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6318-2230

Eduardo Luiz Andrade Mota

Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador BA Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7819-0084

Luciano Nery Ferreira

Departamento de Saúde I, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Jequié BA Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9410-2467

Jefferson Paixão Cardoso

Departamento de Saúde II, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Av. José Moreira Sobrinho s/n, Jequiezinho. 45205-490 Jequié BA Brasil. polianauesb@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0128-5792

Vivian Mara Ribeiro

Departamento de Saúde II, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Av. José Moreira Sobrinho s/n, Jequiezinho. 45205-490 Jequié BA Brasil. polianauesb@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-4428

Bruna Silva de Souza

Curso de Fisioterapia, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Jequié BA Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-8046

Collaborations

PAA Rios participated in the conception of the project; collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; writing of all versions of the article; and approval of the final writing. ELA Mota participated in the conception of the project; analysis and interpretation of the data; review of all versions of the article; and approval of the final writing. LN Ferreira and JP Cardoso participated in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; critical review and approval of the final writing. VM Ribeiro and BS Souza participated in the collection and interpretation of the data; critical review and approval of the final writing. All authors contributed to the final version of the article.

Variables	Study population		Involved in TA		p-value^a a Chi-square test with Rao & Scott adjustment.
Variables	N	%	N	%	p-value^a a Chi-square test with Rao & Scott adjustment.
Gender					0.230
Male	934	66.4	106	11.3
Female	472	33.6	41	8.7
Age group (in years)					<0.001
15-29	367	26.1	62	16.9
30-44	517	36.8	57	11.0
45-59	336	23.9	22	6.5
60 and over	186	13.2	6	3.2
Skin color^b b Self-declared skin color; white: includes white and yellow.					0.031
Black or brown	949	67.5	111	11.7
White	457	32.5	36	7.9
Common-law marriage					<0.001
No	550	39.1	79	14.4
Yes	856	60.9	68	7.9
Schooling					0.237
Higher education	298	21.2	37	12.4
Secondary school	720	51.2	70	9.7
Primary school	388	27.6	40	10.3
Census Tract average income					0.985
Less than 500,00 reais	413	29.4	44	10.6
500,00 to 724,00 reais	454	32.3	48	10.6
More than 724,00 reais	539	38.3	55	10.2
Driver type					<0.001
Motorcyclist	549	39.1	81	14.8
Driver	857	60.9	66	7.7
Driver's license					0.002
No	243	17.3	36	14.8
Yes	1,163	82.7	111	9.5
Traffic tickets history					0.014
Yes	129	9.2	23	17.8
No	1,277	90.8	124	9.7
Favorable to Prohibition					0.113
No	79	5.6	14	17.7
Yes	1,327	94.4	133	10.0
Drinks and drives					0.003
Yes	286	20.3	50	17.5
No	1,120	79.7	97	8.7
Adopts unsafe speed on urban roads					0.025
Yes (> 50 km/h)	631	44.9	80	12.7
No (≤ 50 km/h)	775	55.1	67	8.7
Reports liking to speed when driving					<0.001
Yes	264	18.8	46	17.4
No	1,142	81.2	101	8.8
Uses cell phone while driving					<0.001
Yes	382	27.2	60	15.7
No	1,024	72.8	87	8.5

Variables	Bivariate		Multivariate intra-block
Variables	OR	p-value^b b p-value < 0,20 to remain in the model and entry into the multivariate analysis stage;	OR	p-value^c c p-value < 0,10 to remain in the model and entry into the hierarchical analysis.
Contextual level Block 1: neighborhood
Census Tract average incomed
Less than 500,00 reais	1.06	0.808	1.06	0.808
500,00 to 724,00 reais	1.05	0.837	1.05	0.837
Individual level Block 2: sociodemographic
Gender
Male	1.35	0.120	1.49	0.044
Age group (in years)
15-29	6.22	<0.001	5.42	<0.001
30-44	3.73	0.003	3.81	0.002
45-59	2.12	0.110	2.26	0.084
Skin colore
Black or brown	1.54	0.032	1.47	0.061
Common-law marriage
No	1.97	<0.001	1.50	0.038
Schooling
Higher education	1.22	0.399	-	-
Secondary school	0.93	0.767	-	-
Block 3: Traffic-related experiences
Driver type
Motorcyclist	2.08	<0.001	2.02	<0.001
Driver's license
No	1.66	0.015	1.31	0.215
Tickets history
Yes	2.04	0.004	2.18	0.002
Favorable to Prohibition
No	1.92	0.035	1.77	0.069
Block 4: Traffic behaviors
Drinks and drives
Yes	2.23	<0.001	1.76	0.005
Adopts unsafe speed on urban roads
Yes (> 50 km/h)	1.53	0.015	1.25	0.211
Reports liking to speed when driving
Yes	2.20	<0.001	1.69	0.011
Uses cell phone while driving
Yes	2.00	<0.001	1.51	0.035

Variables	Involvement in traffic accidents
	Model A (Blocks 1 and 2)	Model B (Blocks 1, 2 and 3)	Model C (Blocks 1, 2, 3 and 4)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95% CI)
Block 1: Neighborhood
Census Tract average income^b b Variable Census Tract average income was maintained in the model since it is a contextual variable;
Less than 500,00 reais	0.80 (0.50-1.28)	0.73 (0.45-1.19)	0.77 (0.49-1.29)
500,00 to 724,00 reais	0.88 (0.55-1.40)	0.84 (0.52-1.35)	0.88 (0.55-1.41)
Block 2: Sociodemographic
Gender
Male	1.52 (1.03-2.24)	1.40 (0.94-2.08)	1.22 (0.81-1.83)
Age group (in years)
15-29	5.61 (2.31-13.60)	4.28 (1.71-10.69)	3.15 (1.24-8.02)
30-44	3.91 (1.64-9.30)	3.18 (1.31-7.72)	2.42 (0.98-5.95)
45-59	2.30 (0.91-5.81)	2.02 (0.79-5.15)	1.78 (0.69-4.55)
Skin color^c c Self-declared skin color; white: includes drivers who self-declared as white or yellow. Block 1: contextual variable (refers to census tract); Block 2: sociodemográficas variables of individuals; Block 3: traffic-related experiences variables; Block 4: Traffic risk behaviors variables. Categories of reference: Census Tract average income: more than 724.00 reais; Gender: female; Age group: 60 years and over; Skin color: white; Common-law marriage: yes; Driver type: driver; Tickets history: no; Drinks and drives: no; Uses cell phone while driving: no. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the final model (rho): 0.0105443.
Brown or black	1.49 (0.99-2.23)	1.49 (0.99-2.24)	1.56 (1.03-2.35)
Common-law marriage
No	1.50 (1.02-2.20)	1.47 (1.00-2.17)	1.49 (1.01-2.21)
Block 3: Traffic-related experiences
Driver type
Motorcyclist		1.51 (1.02-2.23)	1.73 (1.15-2.60)
Tickets history
Yes		2.02 (1.21-3.37)	1.75 (1.04-2.94)
Block 4: Traffic behaviors
Drinks and drives
Yes			1.68 (1.12-2.53)
Uses cell phone while driving
Yes			1.63 (1.09-2.43)

[1] Collaborations

PAA Rios participated in the conception of the project; collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; writing of all versions of the article; and approval of the final writing. ELA Mota participated in the conception of the project; analysis and interpretation of the data; review of all versions of the article; and approval of the final writing. LN Ferreira and JP Cardoso participated in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; critical review and approval of the final writing. VM Ribeiro and BS Souza participated in the collection and interpretation of the data; critical review and approval of the final writing. All authors contributed to the final version of the article.

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Factors associated with traffic accidents among drivers: findings from a population-based study

Abstract