| Access |
4,5,11,12,15, 19-28 |
15 |
- Lack of income arising from the unemployment of farmers who lose their animals (cattle raising), their lands and/or suffer from the reduced productivity of these
- Increase in prices of basic foods resulting from productivity decrease and demand increase
- Difficulties in distributing and storing the production, resulting in lower access to food |
| Availability |
1,5,11,12,15,19, 20-25,28,31-43 |
26 |
- Climate changes directly affecting the availability of food, especially in what concerns the production of food
- Due to alterations on the agroecological conditions (increases in temperature, frequency and severity of extreme events, river levels, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, soil erosions, changes to the water cycle, alterations in the cycles of vectors, etc.) that reduce the productivity of plantations, such as corn, wheat, sorghum, and rice, and loss of animals (fish, cattle, pigs, and poultry)
- Studies on populations’ perception also discussed the relationship between the effects of climate changes and the production of food, as well as the population growth, higher competition for resources, and higher demand of food, besides a lower availability of food due to climate variabilities |
| Utilization |
12,15,20,22,25, 27,28,38,48 |
9 |
- Climate changes may affect the consumption of food, the nutritional quality of foods, and their social value
- Nutritional quality may be affected by a reduced concentration of several micronutrients (minerals)
- Lower ingestion of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and fish, which may cause deficiencies of zinc, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, protein, and omega 3 |
| Stability |
4,5,12,25, 28,50 |
6 |
- Relationship between climate changes affecting the reduction of agricultural production as well as the quantity of food available in the market, which consequently increases the food prices in the market, especially in rural areas that tend to be more sensitive to weather variations |
| Mitigation and adaptation strategies |
4,5,15,20-25, 28,31,34-39, 41,43,49, 50, 53-55 |
24 |
- Implementation of public policies, agricultural development plans, market protection laws, opening of local markets and agricultural subsidies, as well as maintenance and recovery of soils affected by climate changes
- Reduce the plantation areas of certain crops; plant varieties of crops with a shorter growth period; delay the beginning of planting according to the precipitation; use of conservation agriculture, removal of wastes, and use of crop rotations; invest in additional machinery to shorten the planting time; rainwater collection, creating grooves near planted areas; increase the use of irrigation, enlarge the crops/plantations fields through the use of non-genetically modified species, and increase the variety of crops, besides the use of pastures, considering that these have the capacity to sequester additional carbons from the atmosphere and store them in the soil
- Technological innovations through genetics; biotechnology; agronomy; use of biofuels; reduction in the use of fertilizers and contaminants; use of inorganic fertilizers; utilization of low-carbon agriculture; fortification and biofortification; sequestration of organic carbon; pest control; crop rotation; crop intensification; reforestation; and irrigation
- Union between human and natural adaptation needs related to maintaining the agricultural productivity and ecosystem integrity (agroforestry)
- Alert and alarm systems and monitoring tools, as well as the preparation of integrated plans for the prevention, protection, response, and rehabilitation of the exposed areas through social participation
- Knowledge, awareness, and communication as ways to adapt to climate changes through educational and sustainable practices |
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Source: Authors, 2020.
Source: Adapted from Raiten and Aimone
Source: Authors, 2020.