Risk of alcohol dependence: prevalence, related problems and socioeconomic factors

Martins-Oliveira, Juliana Gabrielle; Jorge, Kelly Oliva; Ferreira, Raquel Conceição; Ferreira, Efigênia Ferreira e; Vale, Míriam Pimenta; Zarzar, Patrícia Maria

doi:10.1590/1413-81232015211.00652015

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Article • Ciênc. saúde colet. 21 (1) • Jan 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015211.00652015 copy

Risk of alcohol dependence: prevalence, related problems and socioeconomic factors

Risco de dependência do álcool: prevalência, problemas relacionados e fatores socioeconômico

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The present study evaluated the possible alcohol dependence and related problems among adolescents and determined possible associations with socioeconomic factors and gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 936 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years enrolled at public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data related to alcohol consumption and associated problems were collected using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), mother's schooling and type of school were used to assess socioeconomic factors. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and Poisson regression. The prevalence of possible dependence was 16.4%, 52.1% reported concern of a family member regarding the adolescent's alcohol consumption. Female adolescents were less likely to exhibit possible dependence in comparison to males. Participants with living in a low vulnerability area were more likely to consume alcohol in comparison to those living in underprivileged areas. The results of the present study demonstrate that possible dependence was significantly associated with the male gender and low social vulnerability.

Key words
Adolescents; Alcohol consumption; School health; Epidemiology; Socioeconomic factors

Characteristics		% fixed (95% IC)
Gender
	Male	40.4 (35.2-45.7)
	Female	59.6 (54.3-64.8)
Age (dichotomized by mean)
	15 to 16	54.4 (37.0-70.8)
	17 to 19	45.6 (29.2-63.0)
Type of school
	Public	94.2 (79.9-98.5)
	Private	5.8 (1.5-20.1)
Mother's schooling (years of study)
	0 to 7	57.0 (44.5-68.7)
	8 or more	43.0 (31.3-55.5)
Social Vulnerability Index
	High vulnerability (Classes I and II)	72.1 (44.4-89.4)
	Low vulnerability (Classes III, IV and V)	27.9 (10.6-55.6)
Frequency of alcohol consumption
	Never	53.1 (48.1-58.0)
	1 to 4 times a month	37.9 (34.1-41.9)
	2 or more times a week	9.0 (6.6-12.1)
^* * Possible alcohol dependence. Abstinence to low risk use (≤ 7 /audit score). Hazardous use to possible dependence (≥ 8 /audit score) Possible alcohol dependence
	Abstinence to low risk use
	Hazardous use to possible	83.6 (74.8-89.7)
	dependence	16.4 (10.3-25.2)

		Hazardous use to possible dependence (≥ 8 /AUDIT SCORE)
Independent variables		No %	Yes %	p-value ^* * Chi-square test.
Gender				0.059
	Male	80.4	19.6
	Female	85.7	14.3
Age (dichotomized by mean)				0.476
	15 to 16	82.0	18.0
	17 to 19	85.4	19.6
Type of school				0.138
	Public	84.1	15.9
	Private	75.1	24.9
Mother's schooling (years of study)				0.273
	0 to 7	86.7	13.3
	8 or more	81.4	18.6
Social Vulnerability Index				0.044
	High social vulnerability (Classes I and II)	85.7	14.3
	Low social vulnerability (Classes III, IV and V)	78.0	22.0

Consequences related to alcohol use		Estimate (95%CI)
Frustrated attempt to stop drinking
	Once a month or less	79.4 (75.3-83.1)
	Once a week to nearly every day	20.6 (16.9-24.7)
Failure to do what was expected
	Once a month or less	81.4 (73.7-87.3)
	Once a week to nearly every day	18.9 (12.7-26.3)
Need to drink in the morning to feel better
	Once a month or less	90.8 (83.3-95.1)
	Once a week to nearly every day	9.2 (4.9-16.7)
Guilt or remorse for having drunk
	Once a month or less	71.3 (56.7-82.5)
	Once a week to nearly every day	28.7 (17.5-43.3)
Inability to recall something
	Once a month or less	81.4 (68.9-89.7)
	Once a week to nearly every day	18.6 (10.3-31.1)
Concern of family member/friend or suggestion to stop drinking
	Once a month or less	47.9 (40.3-55,5)
	Once a week to nearly every day	52.1 (44.5-59.7)
Injury or harm to yourself or others
	Once a month or less	71.9 (60.8-80.8)
	Once a week to nearly every day	28.1 (19.2-39.2)

		Hazardous use to possible dependence
Independent variables		Unadjusted RR (95% CI)	p-value^* * chi-square test.	Adjusted RR (95% CI)^† † Adjusted for control variables (sex and age).	p-value^† † Adjusted for control variables (sex and age).
Gender
	Male	1.0		1.0
	Female	0.74(0.54-1.01)	0.061	0.75(0.54-1.0)	0.05
Age
	15 to 16 years	1.0		1.0
	17 to 19 years	0.85(0.61-1.17)	0.311	0.92(0.66-1.28)	0.619
Mother's schooling
	≤ 7 years of study	1.0		1.0
	≥ 8 years of study	1.0(0.99-1.0)	0.493	1.0(0.99-1.0)	0.456
Type of school
	Public	1.0		1.0
	Private	1.27(0.88-1.83)	0.207	1.6(0.71-1.59)	0.763
Social Vulnerability Index
	High social vulnerability (Classes I and II)	1.0		1.0
	Low social vulnerability (Classes III, IV and V)	2.80(1.14-2.15)	0.000	1.52(1.08-2.13)	< 0.001

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[1] Collaborations

JG Martins-Oliveira, KO Jorge, EF Ferreira and PM Zarzar conceptualized the study. KO Jorge collected the data. JG Martins-Oliveira drafted the first version. RC Ferreira conducted the analysis. RC Ferreira and PM Zarzar contributed substantially to the interpretation of the findings. KO Jorge, RC Ferreira, EF Ferreira, MP Vale and PM Zarzar revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.