Analysis of femicide cases in Campinas, SP, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 through the ecological model of violence

Caicedo-Roa, Mônica; Cordeiro, Ricardo Carlos

doi:10.1590/1413-81232023281.09612022

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 28 (01) • Jan 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232023281.09612022EN linkcopy

Analysis of femicide cases in Campinas, SP, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 through the ecological model of violence

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Abstract

Lethal violence against women is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which a wide number of factors intersect and converge to make a femicide happen at a specific time and place. The main factors that contributed to the occurrence of femicides in the city of Campinas were identified from January 2018 to December 2019. Interviews were conducted with family members, friends, neighbors, witnesses, and health agents about 24 femicides using the verbal autopsy technique. The autopsies were supplemented, when possible, with information from the media and clinical autopsy reports. For the data analysis process, narratives of the cases were carried out, recovering the most important aspects of the verbal autopsies and organizing the factors found in the four levels of the ecological model of violence used by the World Health Organization: individual, relational, community, and social. The analysis was structured in categories following a deductive approach. Starting from particular cases delimited in time (2018 and 2019) and in space (municipality of Campinas) it is expected to understand the phenomenon of femicide in its broadest dimension.

Key words:
Gender-based violence; Femicide; Gender analysis in health; Gender perspective

Sociodemographic characteristics of femicide cases	Probable motivation/trigger and mechanisms used to cause death
Alana: 38-year-old, White, with graduate studies	The partner was jealous for suspecting that she was in another relationship. She was shot 16 times.
Antonieta: 49-year-old, Brown, with a college degree, married, and a machine operator in a fishing net company	Rape. She suffered traumatic brain injury with a pipe bar.
Carina: 25-year-old, White, single, highway service attendant	She disagreed with her boyfriend. She suffered stab wounds to the chest, jaw, eyebrow, and lip, and lethal wounds to her lung and heart (duration of relationship: one month).
Dorelia: 75-year-old, Brown, uneducated, married, and bartender in a neighborhood bar	She had a disagreement over money with her son, who beat and pushed her, causing TBI.
Eva: 41-year-old, White, self-employed	Disagreement over the end of the relationship, he assaulted her with a stab wound to the right side of the chest so that she would learn not to challenge him.
Flávia: 40-year-old, Black, married, and recycling picker	Couple’s disagreement. She was beaten and burned with gasoline.
Franciele: 34-year-old, White, with a college degree, married, and an administrative employee at a grocery store	The partner did not want to accept the end of the relationship and was jealous of a supposed new partner. She suffered strangulation.
Jeannete: 19-year-old adolescent, Brown, with incomplete elementary education, single, linked to drug trafficking	She had links and debts with the drug trade. She suffered 31 punctures to the chest and abdomen, and signs of sexual assault.
Majô: 29-year-old, Black, married	Rape. She suffered mechanical asphyxia and strangulation.
Marcela: 13-year-old adolescent, Brown, with incomplete elementary education, in a common-law marriage, and buffet service attendant	Couple’s disagreement. He did not want her to leave the house. She suffered a gunshot wound to the thigh with massive blood loss.
Martina: 26-year-old, White, with incomplete higher education, single, and student in the health area	The trigger of aggression is unknown. She suffered strangulation and asphyxiation from her boyfriend, who used a cell phone cord.
Martha: 32-year-old, White, with incomplete elementary education, single, and a waitress	Relationship termination and suspected of having relationships with other men. She suffered a beating and assault with a knife in the cervical region.
Miranda: 40-year-old, Brown, with incomplete elementary education, married, and service attendant at an ice cream shop	Rape. She suffered stab wounds and was later beheaded.
Nicolaza: 50-year-old, White, with incomplete higher education, single, and cleaning lady	She was suspected of being pregnant, and the abuser did not want his wife to know about the infidelity. She suffered hanging and a blow to the head.
Neusa: 54-year-old, White, with incomplete high school education, single, and trader	Relationship termination. She suffered a gasoline burn on 95% of the body surface.
Olivia: 64-year-old, White, separated, and retired	She refused to hand over the pension money to her grandson. She suffered a stabbing wound, with a neck cut.
Orquídea: 82-year-old, White, with incomplete elementary education, widowed, and retired	She suffered multiple blows with a knife, fork, and pruning shears from an abuser who mistook her for the woman (victim’s granddaughter) with whom he had just ended a relationship (duration of relationship: three months).
Ramona: 31-year-old, White, with incomplete high school education, married, and service attendant at a post office	She was in a relationship with a highly violent partner who regularly physically abused her. She was beaten with a stick and kicked in the head.
Samanta: 28-year-old, Brown, with incomplete higher education, separated, and an attendant at a liquor store	Relationship termination. She was hanged. There was a suicide simulation.
Sílvia: 43-year-old, Black, with incomplete high school education, single, cleaning lady, and sex worker	Suspected of being HIV+. She suffered hanging, beating, and body burn.
Thaisa: 24-year-old, White, single, and a sex worker	She had a child with the abuser, and he did not want his wife to know about the infidelity. She was beaten, and her body was buried for approximately one month.
Taciana: 21-year-old, Black, single, and treasurer at a grocery store	Relationship termination. She suffered 15 bullet impacts.
Valentina: 31-year-old, Brown, with incomplete higher education, single, and service attendant at a car wash	Disagreement for money with her partner. She suffered cervical, thoracic, and abdominal stab wounds (duration of relationship: four months).
Valeriana: 32-year-old, Brown, single, and cook	She had sexual intercourse with other partners. She suffered a beating and assault with a knife in the neck from her partner (duration of relationship: three months).

Level (n)	Category (n)	Level elements (n)
Relational (97)	Violent relationship (37)	Relationship with a violent man (19). History of an abusive relationship (6). Short relationship (4). Relationship with a married man (2). Multiple abusers (2). Others (4).
	Behavioral issues of the abuser (25)	Be threatened with death (6). Problematic consumption of PAS by the abuser (4). Controlling behavior of the partner (4). Threat or attempted suicide by the abuser (3). Previous disagreement with the abuser (3). History of depression of the abuser (2). Others (3).
	Separation and termination of relationship (12)	Relationship termination (7). Difficulty for the abuser to accept the end of the relationship (2). History of relationship termination (2). Others (1).
	Poor support network (10)	Poor support network (5). Conflicting family relationships (2). Others (3).
	Financial difficulties of the abuser (4)	Unemployment of the abuser (2). Others (2).
	Sexual assault (3)	Suffer sexual assaults (3).
	Underestimation of the risk of death (3)	Availability and access to firearms for abusers (2). Others (1).
	Prison (3)	Relationship with a man with a history of imprisonment (2). Others (1).
Individual (96)	Gender (24)	Female gender identity (24).
	Economic conditions (14)	Low socioeconomic level (10). Unhealthy physical environment (2). Others (2).
	Origin (11)	Origin outside São Paulo (11).
	PAS consumption (10)	Problematic consumption of PAS (10).
	Educational conditions (9)	Low level of education (7). School drop-out (2).
	Be alone (6)	Be alone at home (5). Others (1).
	Age (5)	Age (Adolescent 1; Elderly 4).
	Family conditions (5)	Exposure/witnessing childhood violence (3). Others (2).
	Pregnancy (3)	Suspected/pregnancy of an abuser (3).
	Race (3)	Black race (3).
	Occupation (2)	Sex work (2).
Social (80)	Misogyny (40)	Misogynist culture (19). High social tolerance for violent behavior against women (17). Lack of mechanisms to deal with emotional issues of dependence and relationship termination (2). Others (2).
	Chauvinism (27)	Chauvinist culture (24). Culture that values monogamy (2). Others (1).
	Violence and lack of social cohesion (8)	Violent culture (2). Death as a strategy of revenge and conflict resolution (2). Lack of social cohesion (2). Others (2).
	Prejudice (5)	Stigma and discrimination against people who use PAS (2). Others (3).
Community (64)	Economic conditions (14)	Lack of employment opportunities (6). Low socioeconomic status (4). Neighborhood without paved roads (2). Others (2).
	Violent conduct of the abusers (14)	Availability and access to firearms for abusers (5). Use of violence as a means of conflict resolution (3). Lack of community cohesion (2). Others (4).
	Relationship with justice institutions (11)	Prison system focused on punishment and not on the resocialization of prisoners (5). Others (5).
	Violence due to drug trafficking and organized crime (8)	Community with violence due to drug trafficking and organized crime (6). Others (2).
	Psychoactive substances (6)	Lack of an effective system for rehabilitating and reintegrating people with problematic consumption of psychoactive substances (4). Widespread consumption of psychoactive substances in the community (2).
	Support networks for women (4)	Lack of support networks for women in situations of violence (2). Lack of mechanisms to deal with emotional issues of dependence and relationship termination (2).

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