International regulatory situation of pesticides authorized for use in Brazil: potential for damage to health and environmental impacts

Friedrich, Karen; Silveira, Gabriel Rodrigues da; Amazonas, Juliana Costa; Gurgel, Aline do Monte; Almeida, Vicente Eduardo Soares de; Sarpa, Marcia

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 37 (4) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00061820 copy

International regulatory situation of pesticides authorized for use in Brazil: potential for damage to health and environmental impacts

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The Brazilian legislation does not provide for a periodic review of the registration of pesticides and, even nowadays, products banned in other countries are still used. Based on the pesticide active substances registered in the country, the present study investigated the international regulatory situation in the following member countries: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Community, and the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Moreover, we sought to relate the main chronic effects to human health and the environment of the most commercialized pesticide active substances in Brazil in lists of classification of carcinogenic potential (US Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA and International Agency for Research on Cancer - IARC), endocrine disruption, and candidates for substitution, both from the European Community. A total of 399 pesticide active substances registered in Brazil for agricultural use were identified, excluding microbiological and biological control agents. Of these, the percentage of unauthorized pesticide active substances according to countries is as follows: 85.7% in Iceland; 84.7% in Norway; 54.5% in Switzerland; 52.6% in India; 45.6% in Turkey; 44.4% in Israel; 43.4% in New Zealand; 42.4% in Japan; 41.5% in the European Community; 39.6% in Canada; 38.6% in China; 35.8% in Chile; 31.6% in Mexico; 28.6% in Australia; and 25.6% in the United States. 120 pesticide active substances were related to damage to health and the environment. Considering the pesticide active substances for which commercialization data are available in the country, 67.2% of this volume is associated with at least one serious chronic damage assessed in this study. The results of the present study indicate the need for promoting transparency of international databases, regarding the motivations of the respective regulatory decisions and the Brazilian regulatory bodies to reevaluate the registration of obsolete products and to strengthen public policies related to the reduction of the use of pesticides.

Keywords:
Agrochemicals; Neoplasms; Risk Assessment

CLASSIFICATION	COMPOUND
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) - carcinogenic potential
Group B - probable carcinogen for humans	Daminozide (1991), diuron (2004), etridiazole, (terrazole) (1999), fentin hydroxide (1990), mancozeb (1999), metiram (1999), procymidone (1991), propargite (1992), thiodicarb (1996)
Probably carcinogenic to humans	Benthiavalicarb isopropyl (2005), carbaryl (2002), chlorothalonil (1997), kresoxim-methyl (1999), diclofop-methyl (2000), epoxiconazole (2001), spirodiclofen (2004), hexythiazox (2009), imazalil (1999), iprodione (1998), iprovalicarb (2002), isoxaflutole (1997), metam-sodium (2009), oxadiazon (2001), oxyfluorfen (2010), pymetrozine (1999), pyraflufen-ethyl (2002), pirimicarb (2005), propineb (2013), thiaclopride (2012), thiophanate-methyl (1999)
Probably carcinogenic to humans: with exposure to high and prolonged doses; Probably not carcinogenic to humans at doses that do not cause cytotoxicity and regenerative cell hyperplasia	Captana (2004)
Probably carcinogenic to humans: at high doses; Probably not carcinogenic to humans at low doses	Alachlor (1997), lactofen (2006), thiabendazole (2002)
Group C - possible carcinogen for humans	Acephate (1985), alpha-cypermethrin (2012), asulam (2001), bifenthrin (2003), bromacil (1993), carbendazim (1989), cypermethrin (1988), dimetenamide (1995), dimethoate (2002), fipronil (1995) ), linuron (2001), methidathione (1988), pendimethalin (1992), propiconazole (1992), tebuconazole (1993), triadimefon (1996), triadimenol (1988), trifluralin (1986), zeta-cypermethrin (1988)
Evidence suggestive of carcinogenic potential	Acetochlor (2007), amitraz (2006), benzovindiflupir (solatenol) (2014), ciflumetofen (2013), clodinafop-propargyl (2006), dichloran (2006), diphenoconazole (2007), dithianon (2006), ethiprole (2010), phenoxaprope-ethyl (2013), fluensulfone (2014), orthosulfamuron (2006), picoxystrobin (2011), sulfoxaflor (2012), tembotrione (2007), tiazopir (2007)
Evidence suggestive of carcinogenicity, but not enough to assess the potential for carcinogenicity in humans	Bioallethrin (2003), boscalid (2002), buprofezin (2000), clorfenapir (2003), fluazinam (2001), phosmet (1999), malathion (2000), penoxsulam (2011)
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - carcinogenic potential
Group 2A - probable carcinogen	Diazinon (2017), glyphosate (2017), malathion (2017)
Group 2B - possible carcinogen	2,4-D (2018), chlorothalonil (1999)
European Community - potential endocrine disruption
Category 1 - evidence of disruption in at least one species using intact animals	Humans: acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, thiram; wild life: fentin acetate
Category 2 - in vitro evidence of biological activity related to endocrine disruption	Humans: 2,4-D, methyl bromide, dimethoate, diuron, iprodione, malathion, propanil, simazine, triadimefon; wild life: 2,4-D, alachlor, atrazine, carbendazim, diazinon, and malathion
European Community - pesticide active substances candidates for substitution
Bifenthrin, bromuconazole, carbendazim, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, diclofop, diphenoconazole, diflufenican, dimethoate, dimoxistrobin, diquat, epoxiconazole, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, ethoprophos, etoxazole, famoxadone, fenamiphos, fipronil, fludioxonil, flumioxazin, fluopicolide, fluquinconazole, glufosinate, haloxyfop-P, imazamoxi, lambda-cyhalothrin, linuron, lufenuron, metam, metconazole, methylcyclopropene, methomyl, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, myclobutanil, nicosulfuron, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, copper oxychloride, fenbutatin oxide, oxyfluorfen, paclobutrazol, pendimethalin, pirimicarb, profoxydim, propiconazole, quizalofop-P, copper sulfate, tebuconazole, tepraloxidim, thiaclopride

Active substances	Sales 2017 (%)	Sales variation 2009-2017 (%)	Agricultural use	Other non-agricultural uses *	HU	OS	SS	PHC	AG	WP	Lists of health effects
Active substances	Sales 2017 (%)	Sales variation 2009-2017 (%)	Agricultural use	Other non-agricultural uses *	HU	OS	SS	PHC	AG	WP	USEPA	IARC	CfS	Disrup. H	Disrup. WL
Glyphosate	173,150.75	47.13	H	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	Not likely	2A	NI	NI	NI
2,4-D	57,389.35	381.20	H	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group D: not classificable	2B	NI	2	2
Mancozeb	30,815.09	804.82	A, FG	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group B: probable carcinogen	NI	NI	NI	NI
Acephate	27,057.66	421.16	A, I	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group C: possible carcinogen	NI	NI	NI	NI
Atrazine	24,730.90	191.76	H	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Not likely	3	NI	1	2
Paraquat **	11,756.39	581.33	H	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group E: non-carcinogenic	NI	NI	NI	NI
Imidacloprid	9,364.57	646.57	I	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Group E - non-carcinogenic	NI	NI	NI	NI
Copper oxychloride	7,443.62	136.17	FG; B	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group D - not classifiable	NI	Y	3	3
Sulfur	7,392.44	-35.75	A, FG	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI
Diuron	6,999.47	237.25	H	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Probable carcinogen	NI	NI	2	3
Chlorpyrifos	6,471.19	120.88	A, GP, I	N	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	Group E: non-carcinogenic	NI	NI	NI	NI
Malathion	6,094.65	476.24	A, I	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Suggestive but not enough	2A	NI	2	2
Chlorothalonil	5,771.99	193.78	FG	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Probable carcinogen	2B	NI	NI	NI
Clomazone	4,559.90	71.47	H	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Not likely	NI	NI	NI	NI
Tetraconazole	4,477.19	2237.39	FG	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Not likely	NI	NI	NI	NI
Tebuthiuron	4,092.41	344.21	H	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group D: not classifiable	NI	NI	NI	NI
Methomyl	3,766.44	895.83	A, I	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Group E: non-carcinogenic	NI	Y	NI	NI
Carbendazim	3,748.26	-42.78	FG	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	Group C: Possible carcinogen	NI	Y	2	3
Cypermethrin	3,570.28	14.49	GP, I	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Group C: possible carcinogen	NI	NI	NI	NI
Picloram	3,127.41	368.84	H	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Group E: non-carcinogenic	3	NI	NI	NI

Active ingredients	Australia	Canada	Chile	China	India	Israel	Japan	Mexico	New Zealand	USA	European Community	Iceland	Norway	Turkey	Switzerland
Glyphosate	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	Y	Y	Y
2,4-D	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Mancozeb	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	Y	Y
Atrazine	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	UN	UN	UN
Acephate	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	UN	UN	UN
Paraquat *	Y	UN	R	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	UN	UN	UN
Imidacloprid	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Copper oxychloride	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Sulfur	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Diuron	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Chlorpyrifos	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Malathion *	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	UN
Chlorothalonil	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Clomazone	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Tetraconazole *	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	UN
Tebuthiuron *	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	UN	Y	Y	UN	Y	UN	UN	UN	UN	UN
Methomyl	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y
Carbendazim *	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	UN	UN	UN
Cypermethrin	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	Y
Picloram *	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	Y	UN	Y	Y	Y	Y	UN	UN	Y	Y

Active susbtances	Final report on banning registration of Europe	Main damages according to classification criteria - Directive 1,272/2008	Effects on health and the environment reported in databases
Acephate	Acute toxicity to consumers Damage to non-target organisms: arthropods, birds, mammals, and aquatic animals	Toxic effects if swallowed	Possible carcinogen for humans
Ametryn	Not informed	Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Possible carcinogen for humans
Atrazine	Insufficient monitoring and recovery studies on contaminated groundwater	Dermal sensitization, allergy, toxic with repeated exposure, toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Endocrine disruption for humans and wildlife
Methyl bromide	Insufficient studies regarding impacts on human and environmental health and risk to workers.	Not informed	Endocrine disruption for humans
Carbendazim	Not informed	Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic) Mutagen category 1B	Endocrine disruption for wildlife, carcinogenic potential for humans
Paraquat dichloride	Not informed	Fatal if inhaled, eye and skin irritation, toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Not informed
Phenoxaprope-P-ethyl	Not informed	Not informed	Possible carcinogen for humans
Fipronil	Insufficient studies on environmental impacts (pollinators). Damage to bee colonies	Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Possible carcinogen for humans, candidates for substitution EuropeNot informed
Glufosinate - Ammonium Salt	Not informed	Reproductive toxicity potential for humans	Not informed
Hexazinone	Not informed	Immediate and delayed effects on aquatic life, toxic if swallowed, eye irritation	Not informed
Lactofen	Not informed	Not information	Probable carcinogen for humans
Permethrin	Ecotoxicity to aquatic ecosystems	Immediate and delayed effects on aquatic life	Not informed
Procymidone	Insufficient studies on endocrine disruption	Human carcinogenic potential	Not informed
Propanil	Insufficient studies on impurities, environmental impacts, and effects on consumers. Transport in long distances by air; high risk for birds, mammals, aquatic organisms, non-target arthropods	Endocrine disruption for humans, evidence of carcinogenicity for humans	Not informed
Propargite	Risk to consumers, operators, workers, and bystanders. Chronic risk to mammals and aquatic life	Skin irritation, eye damage. Suspected carcinogen. Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Probable carcinogen for humans
Simazine	Insufficient environmental impact studies	Suspected carcinogenic. Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Endocrine disruption for humans
Tebuthiuron	Not informed	Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Not informed
Thiodicarb	Insufficient studies on risk to consumers. Serious dietary risk to babies (grapes) and adults (wines); Risk for applicator. Groundwater contamination (use as molluscicide)	Not informed	Probable carcinogen for humans
Trifluralin	Insufficient studies on environmental impacts. Toxic to sediments; aquatic organisms, bioaccumulation and persistence in soil; transport in long distances by air	Skin sensitization. Toxic to aquatic life (acute and chronic)	Possible carcinogen for humans

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[1] Correspondence
K. Friedrich Centro de Estudos em Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-210, Brasil. karenfriedrich@hotmail.com