Baral et al. 2222. Baral SC, Aryal Y, Bhattrai R, King R, Newell JN. The importance of providing counselling and financial support to patients receiving treatment for multi-drug resistant TB: mixed method qualitative and pilot intervention studies. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:46./Nepal |
Low-income |
I1: 33 I2: 42 C: 81 |
7 DOTS-plus centers |
Mixed-method (intervention and qualitative) |
MDR-TB patients (Jan-Dec 2008) |
I1: counselling. I2: counselling and financial support |
Cure (I1: 85%; I2: 76%; C: 67%) |
Cantalice Filho 3737. Cantalice Filho JP. Efeito do incentivo alimentício sobre o desfecho do tratamento de pacientes com tuberculose em uma unidade primária de saúde no município de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35:992-7./Brazil |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
142 (I: 74, C: 68) |
Primary care clinics in Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State |
Retrospective comparative study (7 points) |
≥ 15 years old with confirmed TB diagnosis (Jan 2004-Jul 2006) |
Monthly food baskets delivered in the healthcare clinic |
Cure (I: 87.1%; C: 69.7%) |
Ciobanu et al. 2727. Ciobanu A, Domente L, Soltan V, Bivol S, Severin L, Plesca V, et al. Do incentives improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in the Republic of Moldova? Public Health Action 2014; 4 Suppl 2:S59-63./Republic of Moldova |
Lower middle-income |
4,870 (I: 2378, C: 2492) |
National data, before (2008) and after (2011) incentives |
Retrospective cohort study (14 points) |
≥ 18 years old, TB patients treated in 2008 and in 2011 |
Cash, non-cash or both incentives. (I: groups that received cash) |
TSR (I: 88%; C: 79%; p < 0.001) |
Clarke et al. 3131. Clarke M, Dick J, Zwarenstein M, Lombard CJ, Diwan VK. Lay health worker intervention with choice of DOT superior to standard TB care for farm dwellers in South Africa: a cluster randomised control trial. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9:673-9./South Africa |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
89 (I: 47, C: 42) |
211 farms (I: 106; C: 105) |
Cluster randomized controlled trial |
Permanent farm dwellers ≥ 15 years old treated (from Nov 1, 2000 to Oct 31, 2001) |
Adult farm dwellers trained as lay health workers |
TSR (I: 83%; C: 64.3%; p = 0.042) |
Datiko & Lindtjørn 1919. Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B. Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment success in Southern Ethiopia: a community randomized trial. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5443./Ethiopia |
Low-income High TB-burden |
318 (I: 230, C: 88) |
51 kebeles in two rural districts of Southern Ethiopia |
Community-randomized trial |
All new smear-positive pulmonary TB cases |
Trained community health workers |
TSR (I: 89.3%; C: 81.3%; p = 0.012) |
Demissie et al. 2020. Demissie M, Getahun H, Lindtjørn B. Community tuberculosis care through "TB clubs" in rural North Ethiopia. Soc Sci Med 2003: 56:2009-18./Ethiopia |
Low-income High TB-burden |
128 (I: 64, C: 64) |
2 rural districts of Northern Ethiopia |
Mixed-method - cohort and qualitative (12 points) |
Smear-positive TB patients (from July 1 to Oct 15, 1998) |
TB patients in rural kebeles organized in “TB clubs” |
TCR (I: 68.7%; C: 46.8%; p = 0.02) |
Gärden et al. 2323. Gärden BB, Samarina AA, Stavchanskaya I, Alsterlund RR, Övregaard AA, Taganova OO, et al. Food incentives improve adherence to tuberculosis drug treatment among homeless patients in Russia. Scand J Caring Sci 2012; 27:117-22./Russia |
High-income High TB-burden |
518 (I: 142, C: 376) |
St. Petersburg’s TB dispensary |
Historical controlled intervention study (11 points) |
Homeless patients referred to TB dispensary (from Dec 2001 to Jan 2004) |
Food packages delivered once a day 5 days a week and support from a social worker |
TSR (I: 78.2%; C: 31.0%) |
Jakubowiak et al. 2424. Jakubowiak WM, Bogorodskaya EM, Borisov SE, Danilova ID, Lomakina OB, Kourbatova EV. Social support and incentives programme for patients with tuberculosis: experience from the Russian Federation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11:1210-5./Russia |
High-income High TB-burden |
1,389 (I: 382, C: 1,007) |
4 regions with TB services |
Cross-sectional study (5 points) |
New pulmonary TB patients ≥ 15 years old treated (from Jan 1, 2004 to Mar 31, 2005) |
Social support during TB treatment (food packs, hygiene kits, transportation incentives, etc.) |
28.1% of adherents and 18.4% of non-adherents with incentives |
Kliner et al. 2929. Kliner M, Canaan M, Ndwandwe SZ, Busulwa F, Welfare W, Richardson M, et al. Effects of financial incentives for treatment supporters on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Swaziland: a pragmatic interventional study. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:29./Swaziland |
Lower middle-income |
1,077 (I: 161, C: 916) |
Hospital in a rural district |
Pragmatic controlled interventional study (12 points) |
TB patients (Jan 2010-Sep 2011) |
Treatment support from community workers |
TSR (I: 73% vs. C: 60%; p = 0.003) |
Lönnroth et al. 3838. Lönnroth K, Aung T, Maung W, Kluge H, Uplekar M. Social franchising of TB care through private GPs in Myanmar: an assessment of treatment results, access, equity and financial. Health Policy Plan 2007; 22:156-66./Myanmar |
Lower middle-income High TB-burden |
253 (non-controlled) |
National case notification data and survey in clinics in Yangon |
Cross-sectional study (10 points) |
All patients treated in Sun Quality Health (SQH) clinics in Yangon (from Sep 1 to Oct 30 2004) |
Sun Quality Health (SQH), a social franchise that licensed practitioners with clinics serving low-income people |
TSR for new smear-positive cases was 84% |
Lutge et al. 4343. Lutge E, Lewin S, Volmink J, Friedman I, Lombard C. Economic support to improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in South Africa: a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:154./South Africa |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
4,091 (I: 2,107, C: 1,984) |
20 public sector clinics in Kwazulu-Natal |
Cluster-randomized controlled trial |
TB patients within (July 1, 2009 to Mar 31, 2010) |
Monthly vouchers (US$ 15) redeemable at specific general stores |
TSR (I: 76.2% vs. C: 70.7%; p = 0.107) |
Martins et al. 3030. Martins N, Morris P, Kelly PM. Food incentives to improve completion of tuberculosis treatment: randomised controlled trial in Dili, Timor-Leste. BMJ 2009; 339:b4248./Timor-Leste |
Lower-middle income |
265 (I: 136, C: 129) |
3 primary clinics in Dili: government, private and church operated) |
Randomized controlled trial |
TB patients aged ≥ 18 and that agree to treatment at diagnostic clinic for eight months |
Daily meal in attendance to the clinic and unprepared food to take home, in continuation phase |
TSR (I: 76% vs. C: 78%; p = 0.7) |
Ngamvithayapong-Yanai et al. 3535. Ngamvithayapong-Yanai J, Luangjina S, Nedsuwan S, Kantipong P, Wongyai J, Ishikawa N. Engaging women volunteers of high socioeconomic status in supporting socioeconomically disadvantaged tuberculosis patients in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2013; 4:34-8./Thailand |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
759 (I: 192, C: 567) |
Chiang Rai, Thailand’s northern province |
Intervention study - before and after (7 points) |
Extremely poor TB patients, living alone, with elderly caregivers or isolated from community |
Engagement of Chiang Rai women’s organization to support them financially and socially |
TSR (I: 69.3% vs. C: 51.6%; p < 0.00) |
Ritchie et al. 2121. Ritchie LMP, Schull MJ, Martiniuk ALC, Barnsley J, Arenovich T, Lettow MV, et al. A knowledge translation intervention to improve tuberculosis care and outcomes in Malawi: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Implement Sci 2015; 10:38./Malawi |
Low-income |
110 (I: 30, C: 80) |
28 health centers in Zomba district |
Cluster randomized controlled trial |
All lay health workers involved in providing care to TB patients |
Two knowledge translation interventions: educational outreach and reminders |
TSR (I: 70% vs. C: 58%; p = 0.578) |
Rocha et al. 2828. Rocha C, Montoya R, Zevallos K, Curatola A, Ynga W, Franco J, et al. The Innovative Socio-economic Interventions Against Tuberculosis (ISIAT) project: an operational assessment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15 Suppl 2:S50-7./Peru |
Upper middle-income |
1,861 (I: 307, C: 1,554) |
Eight contiguous slums in Northern Lima |
Intervention study (4 points) |
Subsequently diagnosed TB patients and their household contacts (Dec 2007-Oct 2010) |
Household visits, counselling, food and cash transfers, microenterprise, microcredits and training |
TSR (91% before vs. 97% after intervention) |
Singh et al. 3232. Singh AA, Parasher D, Shekhavat GS, Sahu S, Wares DF, Granich R. Effectiveness of urban community volunteers in directly observed treatment of tuberculosis patients: a field report from Haryana, North India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:800-2./India |
Lower middle-income High TB-burden |
617 (I:1 41, C: 476) |
One tuberculosis unit covering a population of 600,000 in Haryana State |
Intervention study (10 points) |
New sputum smear-positive patients registered in the tuberculosis unit for treatment |
Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) from community volunteers vs. government health workers |
TSR (I: 78% vs. C: 77%) |
Soares et al. 3333. Soares ECC, Vollmer WM, Cavalcante SC, Pacheco AG, Saraceni V, Silva JS, et al. Tuberculosis control in a socially vulnerable area: a community intervention beyond DOT in a Brazilian favela. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:1581-6./Brazil |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
2,623 (I: 1,771, C: 852) |
Rocinha Favela, the largest urban slum in South America |
Intervention study (before and after) (13 points) |
All patients with pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB who started treatment between 2001 and 2008 |
DOT implementation and training 40 lay persons as community health workers |
TSR (83.2% vs. 67.6%; p < 0.001) pre- and post-intervention |
Sripad et al. 2525. Sripad A, Castedo J, Danford N, Zaha R, Freile C. Effects of Ecuador's national monetary incentive program on adherence to treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18:44-8./Ecuador |
Upper middle-income |
191 (I: 105, C: 86) |
Ecuador’s NTP |
Non-randomized trial with historical controls (8 points) |
Drug-resistant (DR-TB) patients (from Aug 2011 to Jan 2012 - intervention and from Jan to Aug 2010 - pre-program) |
Ecuador’s NTP enacted a monetary incentive program giving adherent DR-TB patients a USD 240 bonus each month |
1-year default rate (9.5% vs. 26.7%; p < 0.05), in program and pre-program |
Sudarsanam et al. 3636. Sudarsanam TD, John J, Kang G, Mahendri V, Gerrior J, Franciosa M, et al. Pilot randomized trial of nutritional supplementation in patients with tuberculosis and HIV-tuberculosis coinfection receiving directly observed short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 16:699-706./India |
Lower middle-income High TB-burden |
97 (I: 48, C: 49) |
One of four clinics in Vellore town, southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu |
Randomized controlled trial |
Patients aged > 12 years diagnosed with TB (recruited between Jan and Nov 2005) |
Macronutrient supplement (cereal and lentil mixture) and micronutrients (one-a-day multivitamin table) |
Higher poor outcomes in the non-supplemented HIV-TB co-infected group |
Torrens et al. 4242. Torrens AW, Rasella D, Boccia D, Maciel ELN, Nery JS, Olson ZD, et al. Effectiveness of a conditional cash transfer programme on TB cure rate: a retrospective cohort study in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110:199-206./Brazil |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
7,255 (I: 5,788, C: 1,467) |
Brazilian national databases (SINAN and CadÚnico) |
Retrospective cohort (14 points) |
All new TB cases diagnosed in 2010, recorded in SINAN database and registered in CadÚnico |
Brazilian national conditional cash transfer (Brazilian Income Transfer Program) |
Cure rates (I: 82.1% vs. C: 76.9%; p < 0.001) |
Wei et al. 3939. Wei X, Zou G, Yin J, Walley J, Yang H, Kliner M, et al. Providing financial incentives to rural-to-urban tuberculosis migrants in Shanghai: an intervention study. Infect Dis Poverty 2012; 1:9./China |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
183 (I: 90, C: 93) |
2 districts of Shanghai (1 intervention/1 control) |
Controlled intervention study - before and after (8 points) |
Poor migrants TB patients |
Financial incentives to poor migrant TB patients (transportation and living subsidies) |
TCR (I: from 78% to 89%; and C: from 73% to 76%; p = 0.03) |
Yao et al. 4040. Yao H, Wei X, Liu J, Zhao J, Hu D, Walley JD. Evaluating the effects of providing financial incentives to tuberculosis patients and health providers in China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:1166-72./China |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
9,194 (I: 5,449, C: 3,745) |
Fifty poor counties of Shanxi (Fidelis project) and 51 control counties |
Pilot evaluation study (8 points) |
New TB cases in baseline (Jan-Sep 2004) and during the intervention (Jan-Sep 2005) using routine TB reporting data |
Financial incentives for doctors. Incentives to village leaders for community health education |
TSR baseline (I: 95.3 vs. C: 93.9%; p < 0.01); project (I: 96.9 vs. C: 96.9%; p > 0.05) |
Zou et al. 4141. Zou G, Wei X, Witter S, Yin J, Walley J, Liu S, et al. Incremental cost-effectiveness of improving treatment results among migrant tuberculosis patients in Shanghai. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:1056-64./China |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
356 (I: 263, C: 93) |
Three districts located in Shanghai: (i) Communicable Disease Research Consortium (COMDIS), (ii) The Global Fund Project, (iii) control |
Intervention study (case study) - before and after (8 points) |
Poor migrants TB patients living in Shanghai, China, targeted by two projects involving financial incentives (introduced in Oct 2007) |
COMDIS: single living and transportation subsidies Global Fund Project: living and, transportation incentives, plus incentives to clinic staff for each extended working hour |
TCR District I (78 vs. 89%); District II (73 vs. 88%); Control (73 vs. 76%). |
Zwarenstein et al. 3434. Zwarenstein M, Schoeman JH, Vundule C, Lombard CJ, Tatley M. A randomised controlled trial of lay health workers as direct observers for treatment of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4:550-4./South Africa |
Upper middle-income High TB-burden |
98 (I: 54, C: 44) |
Four clinics in Elsies River, suburb (20km from Cape Town) |
Randomized controlled trial |
Adult (aged > 15 years) pulmonary TB patients, who started TB treatment (new and retreatment) |
Supervision by volunteers lay health workers in a poor community/Supervision by clinic nurse/Self-supervision |
% of success: lay health workers (74%), clinic DOT (57%) and self-supervision (59%) |
Álvarez Gordillo et al. 2626. Álvarez Gordillo GC, Álvarez Gordillo JF, Dorantes Jiménez JE. Estrategia educativa para incrementar el cumplimiento del régimen antituberculoso en Chiapas, México. Rev Panam Salud Pública 2003; 14:402-8./Mexico |
Upper middle-income |
87 (I: 44, C: 43) |
Health centers in Chiapas |
Controlled intervention study |
>15 years old with sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (Feb 2001-Jan 2002) |
Training program for health professionals and self-help groups for TB patients |
TSR (I: 97.7%; C: 81.4%) |