Impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en la vida de los adolescentes en la cohorte de nacimiento en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004

Matijasevich, Alicia; Maruyama, Jessica Mayumi; Santos, Iná S.; Dalla, Alana Carolina Andrade; Barros, Aluísio J. D.; Tovo-Rodrigues, Luciana

doi:10.1590/0102-311XEN063724

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 41 (5) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN063724 linkcopiar

Impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en la vida de los adolescentes en la cohorte de nacimiento en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

El conocimiento de las experiencias de los adolescentes durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 es fundamental para comprender el alcance del impacto de estas experiencias y para orientar las respuestas futuras a eventos desafiantes similares. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir los efectos de la pandemia en diferentes aspectos de la vida de los adolescentes y examinar cómo variaron estos impactos según las características socioeconómicas, familiares e individuales. Utilizamos datos de una submuestra de la cohorte de nacimiento en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004 para investigar los impactos de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en adolescentes (N = 1.806; edad media = 17,41, rango: 16,73-17,95). Analizamos una serie de problemas e impactos resultantes de la pandemia y de las medidas de distanciamiento social desde su influencia en diversos aspectos de la vida. Además de evaluar las variables socioeconómicas, familiares e individuales. Para analizar los datos se realizaron entrevistas presenciales de agosto a diciembre de 2021. Aproximadamente el 20% de los adolescentes informaron haber sufrido significativas cambios en sus vidas debido a la pandemia. Los efectos de la pandemia fueron más frecuentes entre las mujeres, los estudiantes de escuelas privadas, los no beneficiarios del programa gubernamental Auxilio Brasil y los adolescentes que tenían un estado de salud regular o deficiente. Los adolescentes reportaron diversos factores estresantes y preocupaciones directamente relacionadas con la pandemia, lo que subraya una tendencia notable de impactos más intensificados entre las adolescentes. La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido consecuencias a largo plazo en diversos aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los adolescentes. Reconocer las perspectivas de los adolescentes en este período desafiante es crucial para satisfacer eficazmente sus necesidades en la sociedad pospandemia.

Palabras-clave:
Pandemia de COVID-19; Adolescente; Estudios de Cohortes

Characteristics	n (%) or mean (95%CI)
Age [years] (range: 16.73-17.95)	17.41 (17.40-17.43)
Sex
Male	925 (50.85)
Female	894 (49.15)
Type of school
Public	1,529 (89.42)
Private	181 (10.58)
Not enrolled in school
First year of the pandemic (2020)	91 (5.05)
Second year of the pandemic (2021)	199 (11.04)
No classes during the pandemic
First year of the pandemic (2020)	237 (13.04)
Second year of the pandemic (2021)	52 (2.88)
Beneficiary of Brazil Assistance
Yes	860 (47.65)
No	945 (52.35)
Family’s financial situation compared to the pre-pandemic period
Worst	997 (55.24)
Equal	124 (6.87)
Better	684 (37.89)
Maternal job loss during the pandemic
Yes	367 (20.32)
No	1,439 (79.68)
Maternal skin color
White	1,339 (73.33)
Black/Mixed-race	487 (26.67)
Number of people living in the house *
2-3	608 (35.66)
4-5	896 (52.55)
≥ 6	201 (11.79)
COVID-19 infection **
Yes	262 (14.53)
No	1,541 (84.47)
Religion
Yes	852 (46.66)
No	974 (53.34)
Social distancing restrictions in 2020 and 2021
No or low social distancing	215 (11.94)
Moderate social distancing	577 (32.04)
Strict social distancing	1,009 (56.02)
Perceived health status
Excellent	344 (19.09)
Very good/Good	1,151 (63.87)
Regular/Poor	307 (17.04)
Weight change during lockdown
Lost weight	378 (20.97)
Gained weight	896 (49.69)
Stayed at the same weight	432 (23.96)
Did not know	97 (5.38)

Characteristcs	Not affected		Little affected		Moderately affected		Greatly affected		p-value
Characteristcs	n	% (95%CI)	n	% (95%CI)	n	% (95%CI)	n	% (95%CI)
Total sample	267	14.8 (13.3-16.5)	630	35.0 (32.8-27.2)	548	30.4 (28.3-32.6)	355	19.7 (17.9-21.6)
Sex									< 0.001
Male	157	17.2 (14.9-19.8)	340	37.3 (34.2-40.5)	268	29.4 (26.5-32.4)	147	16.1 (13.9-18.6)
Female	110	12.4 (10.4-14.7)	290	32.7 (29.6-35.8)	280	31.5 (28.5-34.7)	208	23.4 (20.7-26.3)
Type of school									< 0.001
Public	231	15.1 (13.4-17.0)	548	35.9 (33.5-28.3)	458	30.0 (27.7-32.3)	290	19.0 (17.1-21.0)
Private	8	4.4 (2.2-8.6)	47	26.0 (20.1-32.9)	75	41.4 (34.4-48.8)	51	28.2 (22.1-35.2)
Classes during the pandemic during the first year of the pandemic (2020)									< 0.001
Not enrolled in school	28	30.8 (22.1-41.0)	34	37.4 (28.0-47.8)	15	16.5 (10.1-25.6)	14	15.4 (9.3-24.4)
No	30	12.7 (9.0-17.6)	89	37.7 (31.7-44.1)	75	31.8 (26.1-38.0)	42	17.8 (13.4-23.2)
Yes (both remote and in-person)	209	14.2 (12.5-16.1)	507	34.4 (32.0-36.9)	458	31.1 (28.8-33.5)	299	20.3 (18.3-22.4)
Classes during the second year of the pandemic (2021)									< 0.001
Not enrolled in school	52	26.1 (20.5-32.7)	67	33.7 (27.4-40.5)	47	23.6 (18.2-30.0)	33	16.6 (12.0-22.4)
No	12	23.1 (13.5-36.5)	27	51.9 (38.4-65.2)	9	17.3 (9.2-30.2)	4	7.7 (2.9-18.9)
Yes (both remote and in-person)	203	13.1 (11.5-14.9)	536	34.6 (32.3-37.0)	492	31.8 (39.5-34.1)	318	20.5 (18.6-22.6)
Beneficiary of Brazil Assistance									< 0.001
Yes	150	17.8 (15.4-20.6)	317	37.7 (34.5-41.0)	239	28.4 (25.5-31.6)	135	16.0 (13.7-18.7)
No	112	11.9 (10.0-14.2)	308	32.8 (29.9-35.9)	301	32.1 (29.2-35.1)	217	23.1 (20.5-25.9)
Family’s financial situation compared to the pre-pandemic period									0.181
Worst	135	13.8 (11.7-16.1)	357	36.4 (33.5-39.5)	279	28.5 (25.7-31.4)	209	21.3 (18.9-24.0)
Equal	107	15.8 (10.6-23.7)	224	33.2 (29.7-36.8)	226	33.5 (30.0-37.1)	118	17.5 (14.8-20.5)
Better	20	16.1 (10.6-23.7)	43	34.7 (26.8-43.5)	37	29.8 (22.4-38.5)	24	19.3 (13.3-27.3)
Maternal job loss during the pandemic									0.427
Yes	57	15.7 (12.3-19.9)	137	37.8 (33.0-43.0)	104	28.7 (24.3-33.6)	64	17.7 (14.7-22.0)
No	204	14.4 (12.6-16.3)	488	34.4 (32.0-36.9)	438	30.9 (28.5-33.3)	288	20.3 (18.3-22.5)
Maternal skin color									0.007
White	177	13.4 (11.7-15.4)	453	34.4 (31.8-37.0)	411	31.2 (28.7-33.7)	277	21.0 (18.9-23.3)
Black/Mixed-race	90	18.7 (15.4-22.4)	177	36.7 (32.5-41.1)	137	28.4 (24.6-32.6)	78	16.2 (13.1-19.7)
Number of people living in the house *									< 0.001
2-3	77	12.8 (10.4-15.8)	193	32.2 (28.5-36.0)	175	29.2 (25.7-32.9)	155	25.8 (22.5-29.5)
4-5	126	14.2 (12.1-16.7)	316	35.7 (32.6-38.9)	288	32.5 (29.5-35.7)	155	17.5 (15.1-20.2)
≥ 6	44	22.3 (17.0-28.7)	76	22.3 (17.04-28.7)	49	24.9 (19.3-31.4)	28	14.2 (10.0-19.3)
Covid infection **									0.532
Yes	32	12.3 (8.8-16.8)	89	34.1 (28.6-40.7)	84	32.2 (26.8-38.1)	56	21.5 (16.9-26.9)
No	235	15.3 (13.5-17.1)	541	35.1 (32.8-37.6)	464	30.1 (27.9-32.5)	299	19.4 (17.5-21.5)
Religion									0.458
Yes	137	14.3 (12.2-16.7)	326	34.1 (31.1-37.1)	293	30.6 (27.8-33.6)	201	21.0 (18.5-23.7)
No	130	15.4 (13.1-18.0)	304	36.1 (32.9-39.4)	255	30.2 (27.2-33.4)	154	18.3 (15.8-21.0)
Level of social distancing restrictions									< 0.001
No or low restrictions	61	28.4 (22.7-34.8)	77	35.8 (29.7-42.5)	57	26.5 (21.0-32.8)	20	9.3 (6.1-14.0)
Moderate restrictions	74	12.8 (10.3-15.8)	214	37.1 (33.2-41.1)	184	31.9 (28.2-35.8)	105	18.2 (15.2-21.6)
Strict restrictions	132	13.1 (11.1-15.3)	339	33.6 (30.8-36.6)	307	30.5 (27.7-33.4)	230	22.8 (20.3-25.5)
Perceived health status									< 0.001
Excellent	67	19.5 (15.6-21.0)	128	37.2 (32.2-42.4)	95	27.6 (23.1-32.6)	54	15.7 (12.2-19.9)
Very good/Good	171	14.9 (12.9-17.0)	398	34.7 (31.9-37.5)	366	31.9 (29.2-34.6)	213	18.5 (16.4-20.9)
Regular/Poor	29	9.4 (3.6-13.3)	103	33.5 (28.5-39.0)	87	28.3 (23.6-33.6)	88	28.7 (23.9-34.0)
Weight change during lockdown									0.007
Lost weight	48	12.7 (9.7-16.5)	126	33.4 (28.8-38.3)	123	32.6 (28.1-37.5)	80	21.1 (17.4-25.6)
Gained weight	120	13.4 (11.3-15.8)	312	34.9 (31.8-38.1)	268	30.0 (27.0-33.1)	194	21.7 (19.1-24.5)
Stayed at same weight	73	16.9 (13.6-20.7)	158	36.6 (32.1-41.2)	132	30.56 (26.4-35.1)	69	16.0 (12.8-19.7)
Did not know	26	26.8 (18.9-36.5)	34	35.0 (26.2-45.0)	25	25.8 (18.0-35.4)	12	12.4 (7.1-20.6)

Characteristics	OR (95%CI)	p-value
Sex		0.001
Male	1.00 (Reference)
Female	1.55 (1.19-2.02)
Type of school		0.042
Public	1.00 (Reference)
Private	1.52 (1.03-2.23)
Classes during the first year of the pandemic (2020)		0.785
Yes (both remote and in-person)	1.00 (Reference)
No	1.18 (0.61-2.29)
Not enrolled in school	1.39 (0.78-2.50)
Classes during the second year of the pandemic (2021)		0.319
Yes (both remote and in-person)	1.00 (Reference)
No	0.88 (0.52-1.46)
Not enrolled in school	0.31 (0.09-1.04)
Beneficiary of Brazil Assistance		0.003
No	1.00 (Reference)
Yes	0.65 (0.50-0.87)
Family’s financial situation compared to the pre-pandemic period		0.019
Equal	1.00 (Reference)
Better	1.11 (0.65-1.89)
Worst	1.37 (1.03-1.81)
Maternal job loss during the pandemic		0.691
No	1.00 (Reference)
Yes	0.93 (0.67-1.31)
Maternal skin color		0.067
White	1.00 (Reference)
Black/Mixed-race	0.75 (0.54-1.02)
Number of people living in the house *		< 0.001
2-3	1.00 (Reference)
4-5	0.58 (0.43-0.74)
≥ 6	0.47 (0.29-0.78)
COVID-19 infection **		0.811
No	1.00 (Reference)
Yes	1.04 (0.73-1.49)
Religion		0.079
Yes	1.00 (Reference)
No	1.26 (0.97-1.63)
Social distancing restrictions in 2020 and 2021		0.001
No or low social distancing	1.00 (Reference)
style="text-indent:12px"Moderate social distancing	2.04 (1.13-3.69)
Strict social distancing	2.61 (1.47-4.61)
Perceived health status		< 0.001
Excellent/Very good/Good	1.00 (Reference)
Regular/Poor	1.93 (1.41-2.65)
Weight change during lockdown		0.083
Stayed at the same weight/Did not know	1.00 (Reference)
Lost weight	1.30 (0.90-1.90)
Gained weight	1.32 (0.97-1.81)

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[TFN1] 95%CI: 95% confidence inteval.

[TFN2] * Number of people living in the house including the adolescent;

[TFN3] ** Self-reported question at the time of assessment (August to December 2021).