Is subjective social status a summary of life-course socioeconomic position?

Ferreira, Wasney de Almeida; Camelo, Lidyane; Viana, Maria Carmen; Giatti, Luana; Barreto, Sandhi Maria

doi:10.1590/0102-311X00024317

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ARTICLE • Cad. Saúde Pública 34 (5) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00024317 copy

Is subjective social status a summary of life-course socioeconomic position?

O status social subjetivo é uma medida sumária da posição socioeconômica ao longo da vida?

¿Es el estatus social subjetivo una medida sumaria de la posición socioeconómico a lo largo de la vida?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Very little is known about the association between objective indicators of socioeconomic position in childhood and adolescence and low subjective social status in adult life, after adjusting for adult socioeconomic position. We used baseline data (2008-2010) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort study of 15,105 civil servants from six Brazilian states. Subjective social status was measured using the The MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which represents social hierarchy in the form of a 10-rung ladder with the top rung representing the highest subjective social status. Participants who chose the bottom four rungs in the ladder were assigned to the low subjective social status category. The following socioeconomic position indicators were investigated: childhood (maternal education), adolescence (occupational social class of the household head; participant’s occupational social class of first job; nature of occupation of household head; participant’s nature of occupation of first job), and adulthood (participant’s occupational social class, nature of occupation and education). The associations between low subjective social status and socioeconomic position were determined using multiple logistic regression, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and socioeconomic position indicators from other stages of life. After adjustments, low socioeconomic position in childhood, adolescence and adulthood remained significantly associated with low subjective social status in adulthood with dose-response gradients. The magnitude of these associations was stronger for intra-individual than for intergenerational socioeconomic positions. Results suggest that subjective social status in adulthood is the result of a complex developmental process of acquiring socioeconomic self-perception, which is intrinsic to subjective social status and includes current and past, individual and family household experiences.

Keywords:
Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; Adult Health; Cohort Studies

SEP indicators across life-course	Population		Low SSS		p-value *
SEP indicators across life-course	n	%	n	%
Childhood
Maternal education level					< 0.001
Tertiary	955	6.3	28	2.9
Secondary	2,558	16.9	112	4.4
Primary	2,869	19.0	212	7.4
Incomplete primary	6,276	41.5	735	11.7
No education	2,081	13.8	446	21.5
Adolescence
Occupational social class of the household head					< 0.001
Upper	3,137	20.8	118	3.8
Middle-high	1,406	9.3	72	5.1
Middle-middle	1,085	7.2	89	8.2
Middle-low	1,585	10.5	173	10.9
Lower-high	4,404	29.2	553	12.6
Lower-low	2,750	18.2	543	19.8
Participant occupational social class of first job					< 0.001
Upper	847	5.6	14	1.7
Middle-high	1,618	10.7	68	4.2
Middle-middle	466	3.1	25	5.4
Middle-low	2,178	14.4	176	8.1
Lower-high	5,639	37.3	705	12.5
Lower-low	2,047	13.6	514	25.2
Nature of occupation of the household head					< 0.001
Non-routine non-manual	4,538	30.0	195	4.3
Routine non-manual	4,534	30.0	594	13.1
Non-routine manual	2,021	13.4	232	11.5
Routine manual	3,274	21.7	527	16.1
Nature of occupation in first job of the participant					< 0.001
Non-routine non-manual	2,450	16.2	71	2.9
Routine non-manual	6,615	43.8	706	10.7
Non-routine manual	1,373	9.1	247	18.1
Routine manual	2,357	15.6	478	20.3
Adulthood
Participant current occupational social class					< 0.001
Upper	4,955	32.8	118	2.4
Middle-high	707	4.7	35	5.0
Middle-middle	2,806	18.6	269	9.6
Middle-low	2,717	18.0	365	13.4
Lower-high	1,384	9.2	197	14.3
Lower-low	2,291	15.2	625	27.4
Participant current nature of occupation					< 0.001
Non-routine non-manual	7,893	52.3	365	4.6
Routine non-manual	4,278	28.3	522	12.2
Non-routine manual	200	1.3	39	19.6
Routine manual	2,489	16.5	683	27.5
Participant education level					< 0.001
Tertiary	7,950	52.6	267	3.4
Secondary	5,233	34.6	809	15.5
Primary	1,028	6.8	232	22.6
Incomplete primary	894	5.9	310	34.9

Variable	Crude	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Variable	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Occupational social class of household head *
Upper	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Middle-high	1.4 (1.0-1.9)	1.3 (1.0-1.8)	1.2 (0.9-1.7)	1.1 (0.8-1.6)
Middle-middle	2.3 (1.7-3.0)	2.1 (1.5-2.8)	1.8 (1.3-2.4)	1.5 (1.1-2.0)
Middle-low	3.1 (2.5-4.0)	2.6 (2.0-3.3)	2.0 (1.5-2.6)	1.6 (1.2-2.1)
Lower-high	3.7 (3.0-4.5)	3.0 (2.5-3.8)	2.1 (1.7-2.7)	1.6 (1.3-2.0)
Lower-low	6.3 (5.1-7.7)	5.0 (4.1-6.2)	2.8 (2.2-3.6)	2.0 (1.5-2.5)
Occupational social class of first job **
Upper	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Middle-high	2.6 (1.5-4.9)	2.5 (1.5-4.7)	2.4 (1.3-4.7)	1.7 (0.9-3.4)
Middle-middle	3.4 (1.8-6.7)	2.9 (1.5-5.8)	2.8 (1.4-5.9)	1.8 (0.9-3.9)
Middle-low	5.2 (3.1-9.5)	4.6 (2.7-8.3)	4.0 (2.3-7.6)	2.2 (1.2-4.2)
Lower-high	8.5 (5.2-15.2)	6.8 (4.1-12.2)	5.6 (3.2-10.5)	2.6 (1.5-4.9)
Lower-low	20.0 (12.2-35.9)	15.2 (9.2-27.3)	10.4 (6.0-19.7)	4.1 (2.3-7.9)
Current occupational social class ***
Upper	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Middle-high	2.1 (1.4-3.1)	2.2 (1.5-3.2)	2.0 (1.3-2.9)	1.9 (1.2-2.8)
Middle-middle	4.3 (3.5-5.4)	4.1 (3.3-5.2)	3.2 (2.5-4.2)	2.8 (2.2-3.6)
Middle-low	6.3 (5.1-7.9)	5.8 (4.6-7.2)	4.2 (3.3-5.4)	3.6 (2.8-4.6)
Lower-high	6.8 (5.4-8.6)	5.8 (4.6-7.5)	4.4 (3.3-5.7)	3.7 (2.8-4.9)
Lower-low	15.4 (12.6-18.9)	12.6 (10.2-15.7)	7.6 (6.0-9.8)	6.3 (4.9-8.1)

Variable	Crude	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Variable	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Nature of occupation of household head *
Non-routine non-manual	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Routine non-manual	3.3 (2.8-4.0)	2.9 (2.5-3.5)	2.5 (2.1-3.0)	1.9 (1.6-2.4)
Non-routine manual	2.9 (2.4-3.5)	2.4 (1.9-2.9)	1.8 (1.4-2.2)	1.5 (1.2-1.8)
Routine manual	4.3 (3.6-5.1)	3.3 (2.8-4.0)	2.2 (1.8-2.7)	1.7 (1.4-2.1)
Nature of occupation in first job **
Non-routine non-manual	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Routine non-manual	4.0 (3.1-5.2)	3.3 (2.6-4.3)	2.8 (2.2-3.7)	2.0 (1.5-2.7)
Non-routine manual	7.4 (5.6-9.7)	5.3 (4.0-7.1)	4.4 (3.3-5.9)	2.7 (2.0-3.6)
Routine manual	8.5 (6.6-11.1)	6.6 (5.1-8.6)	5.2 (4.0-6.9)	2.9 (2.2-3.9)
Current nature of occupation ***
Non-routine non-manual	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Routine non-manual	2.9 (2.5-3.3)	2.6 (2.2-3.0)	2.1 (1.8-2.4)	1.9 (1.6-2.2)
Non-routine manual	5.0 (3.4-7.1)	4.0 (2.7-5.7)	2.9 (2.0-4.3)	2.7 (1.8-4.0)
Routine manual	7.8 (6.8-9.0)	6.3 (5.5-7.3)	4.4 (3.8-5.2)	3.9 (3.3-4.6)

Variable	Crude	Model 1	Model 2
Variable	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Maternal education
Tertiary	1.0	1.0	1.0
Secondary	1.5 (1.0-2.4)	1.5 (1.0-2.3)	1.2 (0.8-1.8)
Primary	2.6 (1.8-4.0)	2.4 (1.6-3.6)	1.4 (0.9-2.2)
Incomplete primary	4.4 (3.0-6.6)	3.8 (2.6-5.7)	1.8 (1.2-2.8)
No education	9.0 (6.2-13.6)	7.3 (5.0-11.2)	2.3 (1.5-3.6)
Current education
Tertiary	1.0	1.0	1.0
Secondary	5.2 (4.6-6.1)	4.6 (4.0-5.4)	3.9 (3.4-4.6)
Primary	8.4 (6.9-10.1)	7.5 (6.2-9.2)	6.0 (4.9-7.5)
Incomplete primary	15.3 (12.8-18.5)	14.3 (11.7-17.4)	10.9 (8.8-13.6)

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[1] * Correspondence S. M. Barreto Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brasil. sandhi.barreto@gmail.com