Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo O presente artigo apresenta os resultados quantitativos de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a tradução de literatura de língua alemã no Brasil de 1900 a 2020. Após uma breve contextualização das traduções do alemão no Brasil, descreve-se a configuração do projeto e apresentam-se os principais resultados referentes a vários parâmetros: evolução temporal, os objetos traduzidos (autores, obras, épocas) e os agentes da tradução (tradutores e editoras). No final sugerem-se pesquisas mais detidas sobre o material coletado e caminhos para o aperfeiçoamento dos dados.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This paper presents the quantitative results of a bibliographical research on the translation of German language literature in Brazil from 1900 to 2020. After a brief contextualization of the translations from German in Brazil, the configuration of the project is described and the main results concerning several parameters are presented: temporal evolution, the translated objects (authors, works, epochs) and the agents of translation (translators and publishers). At the end, an outline for further research on the material and ways to improve the data is presented.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Roland Barthes (2004) designa o estilo como esplendor e prisão do escritor: sua solidão. O presente artigo pretende refletir sobre esta visão barthesiana de estilo na obra do poeta, crítico de arte e tradutor italiano Emilio Villa, a partir de poemas plurilíngues ou traduzidos pelo próprio poeta italiano para o português brasileiro e de algumas de suas obras pictóricas. O conceito de tradução torna-se central para análise da obra de Emilio Villa, através da leitura de Walter Benjamin, Henri Meschonnic e outros teóricos e, também, pelas diversas traduções por ele realizadas: a Odisseia, partes do Gênesis, uma escolha das tabuletas mesopotâmicas. Villa escreveu não unicamente em italiano, mas seu plurilinguismo se confirmou em textos escritos em latim, grego, francês e outras línguas.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Roland Barthes (2004) designates style as the writer's splendor and prison: his loneliness. This paper intends to reflect on this barthesian thought of style in the work of the italian poet, art critic and translator Emilio Villa, based on plurilingual or translated poems into Brasilian Portuguese by the italian poet himself and some of his pictorial works. The concept of translation becomes central to analysing Emilio Villa's work, through reading Walter Benjamin, Henri Meschonnic and other theorists, and also through the various translations he made: the Odyssey, parts of Genesis, a selection of Mesopotamian tablets. Villa wrote not only in Italian, but his plurilingualism was confirmed in texts written in Latin, Greek, French and other languages.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumo Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la variación sociolingüística de unidades de significación especializada (USE) a partir de un corpus en español referente a la fase de detección del cáncer de piel, con vistas a ser traducido al francés. Asimismo, el artículo se enmarca en una investigación traductológica contrastiva más amplia llevada a cabo sobre el marco situacional de la variación lingüística en relación con las fases de prevención, detección y tratamiento de este tipo de cáncer. En lo que se refiere a la metodología, el corpus está constituido por textos procedentes del National Cancer Institute destinados a profesionales de la salud, que se desarrollan en un contexto situacional en el que el emisor y el receptor son especialistas, por un lado, y por textos dirigidos a pacientes en un contexto situacional caracterizado por un emisor especialista y un receptor lego en la materia, por otro. Los resultados establecen pautas estratégicas comunicativas utilizadas por el emisor especialista para hacer llegar al público lego el conocimiento especializado, pudiendo contrastarse con las estrategias que se emplean cuando se dirige a otro especialista. Además, los resultados apuntan a que la variación lingüística constituye una herramienta que permite resolver la comunicación en este doble marco situacional, y cuando estos se trasladan a un marco traslativo, el traductor como mediador interlingüístico e intercultural recurre a estrategias comunicativas similares para adaptar el texto origen a los distintos perfiles de receptores.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article aims to analyze the sociolinguistic variation of specialized meaning units (SMU) from a corpus referring to the detection phase of skin cancer. It is part of a broader contrastive investigation that is being carried out on the situational context of linguistic variation in relation to the phases of prevention, detection and treatment of this type of cancer. Concerning the methodology, the corpus is made up of texts from the National Cancer Institute's website in Spanish intended for health professionals that are developed in a situational context in which the sender and receiver are specialists, on the one hand, and by texts addressed to patients in a situational context characterized by a specialist sender and a lay public receiver, on the other. The results show strategic communication guidelines used by the specialist sender to provide the lay public with specialized knowledge, thus being able to contrast with the strategies used when addressing another specialist. Moreover, these results suggest that the linguistic variation constitutes a tool that allows to solve communication in both scenarios. And when these scenarios are transferred to a translational context, the translator, as an interlinguistic and intercultural mediator, resorts to similar communication strategies to adapt the source text to the different receiver profiles.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Media language encompasses literary and scientific elements, technical terminology, and cultural references. Effectively conveying its message to the target audience from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds can be challenging. This highlights some of the subtleties of media language that might add to translation difficulties. Media translation is a complex process, which involves information, knowledge, and analysis from a wide range of disciplines, including art, economics, literature, politics and science. In translating media content, accuracy in communicating cultural allusions, technical terms, and nuances to the intended audience is equally crucial as translating plain text from one language to another. This study explores the linguistic and cultural barriers that may occur while translating English-Arabic online media, with a focus on findings from BBC Online News articles. It attempts to further contribute to a deeper understanding of media translation by focusing on bridging the linguistic and cultural divide while translating English to Arabic in online media. The results of this study suggest that a translator with advanced proficiency and a thorough comprehension of the subtle linguistic and cultural differences that exist in both languages is required to provide high-quality English to Arabic translation. In other words, skilled translators who can understand and incorporate the linguistic and cultural quirks of both languages, creating a seamless connection between the translation and media domains, are essential for efficient media translation.

Abstract in French:

Résumé Lors de la parution en 2020 de la retraduction française du roman Dix petits nègres d’Agatha Christie, rebaptisé Ils étaient dix, la Christie Corporation a déclaré que cette nouvelle version de l’œuvre a[vait] du sens. Selon le communiqué, au siècle de l’auteure le langage était différent. Afin d’interroger le bienfondé de cet argument, notre étude porte sur la traduction et usage du terme Nigger/Nègre (nom/adjectif) en français métropolitain. Le corpus est composé de l’œuvre originale Ten Little Niggers (1939), sa traduction interlinguale (1940) et retraduction?(2020). Ces concepts-ci sont examinés dans la première partie de l’étude à l’appui des bases théoriques de l’intertextualité. La deuxième partie suit le parcours de la lexie aux États-Unis à travers notamment la popularisation de la comptine éponyme originale. La troisième partie vise à démontrer qu’à l’instar du statut sociolinguistique du N… word aux États-Unis, Nègre/nègre n’a jamais intégré le vocabulaire usuel du français. Ce sont-là autant d’éléments qui permettent de contester voire invalider l’argument présenté par les ayants-droits de l’auteure. La conclusion expose les résultats du baromètre des discriminations en France CRAN/IPSOS (2023) et souligne la nécessité de déconstruction de l’imaginaire colonial institutionalisé.

Abstract in English:

Abstract When the French retranslation of the novel Ten Little Niggers, by Agatha Christie, renamed They were ten, was published in 2020, the Christie Corporation declared that this new version of the work makes sense. According to the press release, in the century of the author the language was different. To question the validity of this argument, our study focuses on the translation and use of the term Nigger/Nègre (noun/adjective) in metropolitan French. The corpus is composed of the original work Ten Little Niggers (1939), its interlingual translation (1940) and retranslation (2020). These concepts are examined in the first part of the study in support of the theoretical bases of intertextuality. The second part follows the journey of the lexie in the United States, notably through the popularization of the original eponymous nursery rhyme. The third part aims to demonstrate that, like the sociolinguistic status of the N… word in the United States, the lexie Nègre/nègre has never integrated the usual vocabulary of French. These are all elements that make it possible to contest or even invalidate the argument presented by the author's heirs. The conclusion exposes the results of the CRAN/IPSOS discrimination barometer in France (2023) and underlines the need to deconstruct the institutionalized colonial imaginary.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Apesar dos avanços dos Estudos da Tradução, a partir da constituição de uma disciplina e da clara separação entre seus ramos puro e aplicado (Holmes, 2000), observa-se que determinadas pesquisas dentro da área, como é o caso das voltadas à formação de tradutores, são incipientes. Se tivermos em conta determinadas combinações linguísticas, como o português-espanhol (Bevilacqua, 2017; Cintrão, 2006; Malta, 2017), constataremos que as contribuições são ainda mais escassas. Com o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de material de ensino de tradução do par português-espanhol, e assim contribuir com o campo em que se insere, bem como tratando de atender à necessidade, conforme sustenta Hurtado Albir (2001), de pesquisas que se dediquem à elaboração de materiais didáticos para o ensino da tradução, apresentamos neste artigo o percurso trilhado para a criação de um conjunto de unidades didáticas que aborda determinadas tendências do funcionamento contrastivo entre as línguas portuguesa e espanhola. Iniciamos o presente trabalho com a discussão teórica que o subjaz a partir das noções de ensino da tradução (Hurtado Albir, 1999), das teorias de ensino e aprendizagem relativas à formação de tradutores (Hurtado Albir, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2019; Kelly, 2005; Kiraly, 1995, 2000), do conceito de competência tradutória e sua aquisição (Hurtado Albir, 2005; PACTE, 2001, 2017), da perspectiva comparada do par português-espanhol (Fanjul & González, 2014) e da noção de problemas de tradução (Nord, 2005). De um ponto de vista metodológico, partimos de uma experiência real de tradução efetuada em um projeto de extensão para a seleção de conteúdos do material e, no que tange à sua elaboração, apoiamo-nos no chamado enfoque por tarefas. Finalmente, apresentamos a proposta geral de nosso material, e como tais concepções teórico-metodológicas se refletem em nossa práxis, por meio da exemplificação de uma das unidades elaboradas.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Despite the advances in Translation Studies, from the establishment of a discipline and the clear separation between its pure and applied branches (Holmes, 2000), it can be observed that certain research within this area, such as those related to translator training, are very incipient. If we consider certain language combinations, such as Portuguese-Spanish (Bevilacqua, 2017; Cintrão, 2006; Malta, 2017), we will find that contributions are still scarce. In order to present a teaching material proposal for the translation of Portuguese-Spanish pairs and contribute to this field, as well as addressing the need, as proposed by Hurtado Albir (2001), for research focused on the development of didactic materials for translation teaching, we present in this article the path taken in creating a set of didactic units that address certain tendencies in the contrastive functioning between the Portuguese and Spanish languages. The article begins with a theoretical discussion that underlies our work, based on notions of translation teaching (Hurtado Albir, 1999), teaching and learning theories aimed at translator training (Hurtado Albir, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2019; Kelly, 2005; Kiraly, 1995, 2000), concepts of translation competence and its acquisition (Hurtado Albir, 2005; PACTE, 2001, 2017), a comparative perspective of the Portuguese-Spanish pair (Fanjul & González, 2014) and the notion of translation problems (Nord, 2005). From a methodological point of view, we start from a real translation experience in an extension project for the selection of contents of the material, and in terms of its development, we rely on the so-called task-based approach. Finally, we present the overall proposal of our material, and how these theorical and methodological concepts are reflected in our practice, through the exemplification of one of the developed units.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen En este artículo, reflexionamos sobre la traducción al francés de la novela Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro, de Iván Thays, y su discurso sobre la violencia colectiva contra la población rural en Perú tras el Conflicto Armado Interno (CAI) (1980–2000). La novela presenta características del crime fiction: un argumento construido sobre una breve disrupción del orden, presentación de la violencia mediante el binario víctima-victimario e inspiración en un momento histórico, político y cultural representativo. La literatura peruana sobre el CAI ha sido introducida en mercados internacionales mediante traducciones, pero ha recibido poca atención desde los estudios de traducción. Un análisis contrastivo permitió observar las características del crime fiction en la novela y los efectos de su traducción en el discurso sobre la violencia. La traducción de la novela busca preservar las características del género priorizando la comunicación de un discurso sobre la violencia en detrimento de las características culturales que estructuran la violencia en la novela; en este caso, la dimensión étnico-racial del conflicto, cuando estos estos elementos son inconmensurables entre ambas culturas. Por ello, la versión en francés tiende hacia la domesticación, pero presenta excepciones extranjerizantes.

Abstract in English:

Abstract In this paper, we reflect on the translation of the novel Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro by Iván Thays into French, and its discourse on collective violence against the rural population in Peru after the non-international armed conflict (CAI) (1980–2001). This novel shows features of crime fiction: a story founded on brief order disruption, violence built through victim-perpetrator binarity, and inspiration from a representative historical, political, and cultural period. Peruvian literature about the CAI has been introduced into international markets through translation, but translation studies have paid little attention to it. A contrastive analysis allowed to observe the features of crime fiction within the novel and the effects of its translation upon the discourse on violence. The translation of the novel attempts to preserve the features of the genre prioritizing the delivery of a discourse on violence to the detriment of the cultural features which build violence within the novel; in this case, the ethnic-cultural dimension of the conflict, when these elements are incommensurable between both cultures. Thus, the French translation tends toward domestication but shows foreignizing exceptions.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The interpreter’s prior preparation for a specialised assignment poses a constant challenge for professionals given the usual time constraints experienced in interpreting. The use of an integral application that optimises the prior preparation process from a dual linguistic and extralinguistic perspective will allow the interpreter to contextualise the topic of the event in an agile and effective manner. In order to define the basis on which this application should be designed, this study, which is part of a larger one focused on analysing the way in which prior preparation and glossary elaboration are approached at different educational and professional levels, aims to respond to three objectives: identifying the nature of the main drawbacks encountered by interpreters when preparing for an assignment; identifying the factors that interpreters recognise as determining in increasing the degree of their preparation; and, finally, identifying the interpreters’ future prospects in terms of prior preparation. To this end, a questionnaire was developed aimed at working professional interpreters, to which 41 subjects have responded so far. The preliminary data collected will allow us to initially define the guidelines that will mark the development of the application that aims to combine the linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge acquired by the interpreter for each new assignment in order to guarantee the most effective contextualisation of the speaker’s words and, consequently, achieve the greatest degree of success.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Since the first half of the XIX century, the experience of public education of the Russian Empire began to spread throughout the Kazakh steppe. The goal was to russify the mind, as well as reveal the literacy of the population through the Russian language. This article considers Y. Altynsarin’s educational works, the first schools opened in the Kazakh country and the main goals of their opening. It is noted that the principles of the Russian Empire regarding the education of the Kazakh people were harmful and useful for the nation. In this article, will analyze the idea of Y. Altynsarin’s translation works for children, focusing on the educational activitiesand his position in education. Attention is drawn to the course followed by Y. Altynsarin, who was in close contact with Russian missionaries. Translation works of the educator for children have been analyzed and methods of translation have been determined. At the same time, it is noted that translation occupies a great place in the literary heritage of Y. Altynsarin, through his translation works, the penetration of Russian culture throughout the Kazakh Sahara had a great influence on the spiritual rapprochement of the two peoples.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumo El objetivo primordial de este estudio consiste en examinar la recepción de Guerra Junqueiro en España a través de las lecturas y las traducciones de su obra a lo largo del tiempo. Inicialmente, se aborda la vasta fama, hoy en día casi olvidada, que consiguió este escritor portugués en el país vecino, debida en una dosis importante a su espíritu iberista y a su ideario político de carácter progresista. Después, en el ámbito de las lecturas, se analizan sobre todo las contribuciones de Clarín, Ramón del Valle-Inclán y Miguel de Unamuno. En la última parte, se repasan las versiones de sus textos, tanto en periódicos y revistas como en libros. En lo que se refiere a esta vertiente, se presta atención especialmente a la labor del escritor gallego Manuel Curros Enríquez, recogida en buena medida en La Lira Lusitana (1883), y del poeta y dramaturgo Eduardo Marquina, quien se encargó de verter la mayoría de los títulos de Guerra Junqueiro para una misma editorial. Para finalizar, se revisa la presencia del poeta luso en diferentes antologías.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The main objective of this study is to examine the reception of Guerra Junqueiro in Spain through the readings and translations of his literary work over time. Initially, it deals with the vast fame, nowadays almost forgotten, that this Portuguese writer achieved in the neighbouring country, due in large part to his Iberian spirit and his progressive political thought. Then, in the field of readings, the contributions of Clarín, Ramón del Valle-Inclán and Miguel de Unamuno are analysed. In the last part, we review the versions of their texts, both in newspapers and magazines and in books. As far as this aspect is concerned, special attention is paid to the work of the Galician writer Manuel Curros Enríquez, largely collected in La Lira Lusitana (1883), and of the poet and playwright Eduardo Marquina, who was in charge of translating most of Guerra Junqueiro's titles for the same publishing house. Finally, the presence of the Portuguese poet in different anthologies is reviewed.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen La idiomaticidad, en materia fraseológica, es un rasgo que suele ir representado junto al concepto de motivación y se explica según el tipo de unidad fraseológica (UF) o de los constituyentes que la forman. La motivación, por su parte, se vincula a los procesos cognitivos existentes entre significado literal (SL) y significado figurado (SF) de la UF en cuestión. Partiendo de estas premisas, en el presente estudio se hace referencia al componente idiomático presente en la traducción fraseológica y se propone como objetivo determinarlo mediante un ejercicio de traducción de locuciones idiomáticas (L) destinado a estudiantes rusos, de cara a examinar el grado de idiomaticidad y motivación de las UF. Asimismo, se hace hincapié en la importancia de estas propiedades en la formación de traductores e intérpretes, así como en la adquisición fraseológica de estas unidades idiomáticas para una mayor competencia y destreza lingüística en general.

Abstract in English:

Abstract In terms of phraseology, idiomaticity is a feature that is usually represented together with the concept of motivation and is explained according to the type of phraseological unit or the constituents that form it. Motivation, on the other hand, is linked to the existing cognitive processes between literal meaning and figurative meaning of the phraseologism in question. Based on these premises, the present study refers to the idiomatic component present in phraseological translation and aims to determine it by means of a translation exercise of idiomatic locutions (L) for Russian students to examine the degree of idiomaticity and motivation of the phraseological units. The importance of these properties in the training of translators and interpreters, as well as in the phraseological acquisition of these idiomatic units for general linguistic competence and proficiency, is also emphasized.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo A formação em línguas estrangeiras de tradutores/intérpretes é um tópico que tem ganhado relevância nos Estudos da Tradução. Tal fato pode ser conferido nas diversas pesquisas que tratam da importância de ter uma formação específica para tradutores que visem um ensino-aprendizagem da língua como ferramenta do tradutor, que tenha relação com o processo tradutório, e o desenvolvimento da competência tradutória (Oster, 2008; Gomes, 2017). No caso dos programas de graduação em tradução e interpretação em Lima (Peru), as duas universidades selecionadas neste estudo ofertam o português como Língua C, cujo aprendizado deveria visar desenvolver habilidades mais específicas (Hurtado Albir, 1999), através de material destinado para tal propósito (Cerezo, 2020). Esse artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise comparativa das estruturas curriculares dos programas das duas universidades selecionadas e da bibliografia contida nos planos de ensino das disciplinas de língua portuguesa para, dessa maneira, apresentar um retrato bibliográfico do material utilizado, fundamentando-se na análise documental (Scott, 2006; Gil, 2008), respaldado pela abordagem qualitativa e estabelecer um ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas, mais abrangentes, sobre formação de tradutores no par português-espanhol. Na análise, pudemos identificar semelhanças e diferenças quanto ao material utilizado nas disciplinas de língua portuguesa nas duas instituições de ensino superior e que este visa desenvolver principalmente uma competência comunicativa na língua estrangeira.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The study of foreign language training for translators/interpreters has gained relevance in Translation Studies. This fact can be seen in the various studies that address the importance of having specific training aimed at teaching and learning the language as a translator's tool, which is related to the translation process, and the development of translation competence (Oster, 2008; Gomes, 2017). In the case of undergraduate programs in translation and interpreting in Lima (Peru), the two universities selected for this study offer Portuguese as C Language, whose learning should aim to develop more specific skills (Hurtado Albir, 1999), through material designed for this purpose (Cerezo, 2020). This article aims to present a comparative analysis of the curricular structures of the programs of the two chosen universities and the bibliography contained in the study plans of the Portuguese language subjects to present a bibliographic portrait of the material used, based on documentary analysis (Scott, 2006; Gil, 2008), supported by the qualitative approach and a starting point for more deep future research on translator training in Portuguese/Spanish. In the analysis, we were able to identify similarities and differences regarding the material used in the afore mentioned subjects in these higher education institutions and that it mainly aims to develop communicative competence in the foreign language.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e comparar o percurso singular tomado por duas díades que traduziram, colaborativamente, um mesmo termo latino. O processo de tradução a dois, ou tradução colaborativa, é um evento de linguagem fortemente marcado pela interação entre agentes tradutores (O’Brien, 2011). A partir desse evento, é possível observar e analisar atividades metalinguísticas de ordens diversas, sejam elas, lexical, morfossintática, semântica, pragmática, discursiva, implicadas na leitura do texto fonte e na escritura tradutória do texto alvo (Pym, 2017; Venuti, 2012). Os dados analisados neste estudo compreendem registros de fala e escrita coletados através do Sistema Ramos (Calil, 2020), um sistema de captura multimodal que permite o acesso à negociação oral das díades e às respectivas atividades metalinguísticas. Em nosso estudo, foram visibilizadas as seguintes estratégias utilizadas pelas díades no processo de tradução do termo latino, a saber: recorrência à homofonia e à homografia entre as línguas; identificação de elementos morfológicos essenciais à compreensão do texto latino; reflexões sobre as possibilidades semânticas de um termo latino que melhor se apresente para a escrita do texto em língua materna. Todavia, cada díade seguiu caminhos particulares no curso dessas estratégias.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This paper aims to analyze and compare the unique path taken by two dyads who collaboratively translated the same Latin term. The process of two-way translation, or collaborative translation, is a language event strongly marked by interaction between translating agents (O'Brien, 2011). From this event, it is possible to observe and analyze metalinguistic activities of various kinds, including lexical, morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic and discursive, involved in reading the target text and writing the target text in translation (Pym, 2017; Venuti, 2012). The data analyzed in this study comprise speech and writing records collected through the Ramos System (Calil, 2020), a multimodal capture system that allows access to the oral negotiation of the dyads and their respective metalinguistic activities. In our study, the following strategies used by dyads in the translation process of the Latin term were made visible, namely: recurrence to homophony and homography between languages; identification of morphological elements essential to understanding the Latin text; reflections on the semantic possibilities of a Latin term that best presents itself for the writing of the text in the mother tongue. However, each dyad followed particular paths in the course of these strategies.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo O livro de estreia de Geovani Martins, O sol na cabeça (2018), foi instantaneamente recebido com elogios pela crítica, sendo divulgado pela própria editora, a Companhia das Letras, como “o novo fenômeno literário brasileiro vendido para 9 países”. Diferentemente de muitas obras brasileiras traduzidas, que levam tempo para aportar em outras línguas, o livro de Martins foi traduzido e lançado com apenas um ano de diferença para o inglês, o alemão, francês e espanhol. Este trabalho procura refletir sobre o papel da divulgação e da recepção deste livro em solo nacional e estrangeiro de língua inglesa, procurando analisar a formação de uma imagem dessa obra e do escritor através da reescrita, seja esta tanto por meio das resenhas críticas em âmbito nacional e internacional, quanto da tradução para o inglês do livro, conduzida por Julia Sanches e publicada em 2019 pela Farrar Straus & Giroux (EUA) e Faber & Faber (Reino Unido). De modo específico, na primeira parte deste artigo apresenta-se uma análise dos materiais paratextuais ao livro, tanto os presentes na própria obra, como os externos à obra, além de uma breve análise das resenhas publicadas nos primeiros meses do lançamento do livro. Na segunda parte, realiza-se uma crítica da tradução para o inglês do conto “Travessia” / “The Crossing” enfocando as estratégias que a tradutora utilizou para retextualizar as marcas de oralidade do texto-fonte. Pretende-se assim refletir sobre como um “fenômeno literário” é forjado via crítica e tradução, alinhando-se a novas visões sobre o português brasileiro e a literatura brasileira.

Abstract in English:

Abstract O sol na cabeça (2018) is the first book published by Geovani Martins and it was readily received with critical acclaim, being promoted by Companhia das Letras, its publishing house in Brazil, as “the new Brazilian literary phenomenon sold to 9 countries”. Unlike many Brazilian works in translation, which take time to arrive in other languages, Martins’ book was translated and released just a year later in English, German, French and Spanish. This paper seeks to reflect on the role of dissemination and reception of this book in Brazil and in the English speaking world, in order to analyze the formation of an image of the writer and his work through rewriting, whether this be through critical reviews in Brazil and abroad, or through the English translation, done by Julia Sanches and published in 2019 by Farrar Straus & Giroux (USA) and Faber & Faber (UK). Specifically, the first part of this paper presents an analysis of the book’s paratextual materials, both those present in the work itself and those external to it, in addition to a brief analysis of the reviews published in the first months of the book’s launch. In the second part, a critique of the translation into English of the short story “Travessia” / “The Crossing” is carried out, focusing on the strategies that the translator used to retextualize the orality marks of the source text. The aim is thus to reflect on how a “literary phenomenon” is forged via criticism and translation, aligning itself with new views on Brazilian Portuguese and Brazilian literature.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Translation outside the context of Language Service Providers (LSPs) represents a sizeable share of the translation market. However, this facet of the activity remains less visible and less open to monitoring. This study investigates translation as a situated practice in the context of Oman within institutions where the translation activity does not represent a primary purpose. Adopting a quantitative approach, the study employed an online survey to investigate indicators of the institutionalization of translation, such as resourcing, working conditions, distribution of work, interaction, workflows, and quality management policies. The findings show that translation activities within institutions in Oman are thriving. However, the study revealed that translation practices are subject to considerable variation and that, despite notable exceptions, translation is frequently affected by challenges related to inadequate staffing, resources, and quality assurance procedures. These practices are mainly ad hoc, providing little evidence that translation needs are treated as an integral part of the institution’s functioning. These findings align with observations in other contexts and underscore the need to recognise the significant role translation plays in the functioning of the institution and the need to effectively integrate translation activities within their institutional environments to enhance quality standards in this often-overlooked segment of the translation industry. More generally, the findings confirm the necessity for Translation Studies to appreciate the significance of institutional translation as a facet of translation as a situated activity.

Abstract in English:

Abstract In this article, co-authored with my colleague and co-translator Lawrence Flores Pereira, we begin with thoughts on the specific difficulties of translating Musil's Unions. Based on Peter Utz's contributions to translation theory, particular attention will be paid to the problem that, according to Musil, the narrative should be less "understood" and rather more sensitively "felt", so that possible contexts of meaning can only be reconstituted followin the labyrinth of flowing emotions. This renunciation of rational comprehensibility brings Musil's prose closer to the symbolist method mentioned by Stephan Mallarmé in his letter to Henri Cazalis in October 1864. In the final part, we will consider alternative approaches to a highly critical review by Michael Hofmann of Peter Wortsmann's American version of The Unions, Intimate Ties. The critic's arguments and reading will be examined for their critical and hermeneutical validity by comparing the first Portuguese translation with the simultaneously completed one by the Austro-American writer and translator Peter Wortsmann, also drawing on the translations by Jaccottet and Wilkins-Kaiser.

Abstract in de:

Abstract In diesem Artikel, der zusammen mit meinem Kollegen und Mitübersetzer Lawrence Flores Pereira abgefasst wurde, beginnen wir mit Gedanken zu den spezifischen Schwierigkeiten der Übersetzung von Musils Vereinigungen. Basierend auf Peter Utz’ Beiträge zur Übersetzungstheorie, soll besonders das Problem beachtet werden, dass, laut Musil, das Erzählte weniger „verstanden“, als nachempfunden werden sollte, so dass mögliche Sinnzusammenhänge nur über den Um-Weg von fliessenden Gefühlen rekonstituiert werden können. Dieses Verzichten auf rationelle Verständlichkeit nähert sich Musils Prosa der symbolistischen Methode, die Stephan Mallarmé in seinem Brief an Henri Cazalis im Oktober 1864 erwähnte. Im Anschluss daran werden Alternativen zu einer sehr kritischen Rezension Michael Hofmanns zu Peter Wortsmanns amerikanischer Version der Vereinigungen, Intimate Ties, in Erwägung gebracht. Die Argumente und Lesart des Kritikers soll auf ihre kritische und hermeneutische Stichhaltigkeit untersucht werden, indem wir die erste portugiesische Übersetzung mit der gleichzeitig fertiggestellten des austro-amerikanischen Schriftstellers und Übersetzers Peter Wortsmann vergleichen und dabei auch auf die Übersetzungen von Jaccottet und Wilkins-Kaiser zurückgreifen.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo A tradução automática tornou-se mais popular nos últimos anos, sendo largamente utilizada por diversos usuários, sejam eles leigos, tradutores profissionais ou aqueles que precisam produzir textos acadêmicos em uma língua que não dominam (Bowker & Buitrago Ciro, 2019). Mesmo com os recentes avanços tecnológicos, ainda é necessária a correção, ou pós-edição, dos textos traduzidos automaticamente, o que não deveria demandar mais esforço que a produção de textos diretamente na língua-alvo. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo visou analisar o esforço temporal despendido para realizar três tarefas distintas envolvendo o português brasileiro (L1) e o inglês (L2): escrita na primeira língua (EL1), escrita na língua adicional (EL2) e pós-edição na língua adicional (PEL2). Foram analisados os processos dessas produções textuais realizadas por três participantes (P01, P02 e P03), doutorandos da área de Educação, que executaram essas tarefas em ordens diferentes. Para a coleta, utilizaram-se um questionário prospectivo, o programa Translog©-II, o Tobii Studio Eye Tracking Software©, o OBS Studio, um relógio de pulso do tipo smartwatch e protocolos retrospectivos guiados. Os resultados apontaram que a EL2 demandou mais tempo dos participantes, possivelmente devido à média linguística intermediária na L2. Contudo, o tempo despendido nessa tarefa foi inversamente proporcional à sua posição na ordem das tarefas. Observou-se, também, que a tradução automática tem efeito facilitador sobre a PEL2, demandando menos tempo que a EL2. Finalmente, constatou-se que o esforço temporal combinado entre EL1 e PEL2 foi menor que o da EL2. Apesar de a pós-edição não ser realizada com muita frequência no meio acadêmico e demandar mais esforço para textos mais complexos, os resultados sugerem que esta pode ser uma forma mais eficiente de produção textual na L2, quando a escrita na L1 e a pós-edição em L2 demandarem menos tempo do que a escrita em L2.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Machine translation has become more popular in recent years and is now widely used by a broader public, such as laypeople, professional translators or those who need to produce academic texts in a language they do not master (Bowker & Buitrago Ciro, 2019). Even with the advances in technology, it is still necessary to proofread (or post-edit) machine-translated texts. However, this should not require more effort than producing texts directly in the target language. This study aimed to analyze the length of time to complete three different tasks involving L1 Brazilian Portuguese and L2 English: writing in the first language (EL1), writing in the additional language (EL2) and post-editing in the additional language (PEL2). The processes of these textual productions carried out by three PhD candidates in the field of education (P01, P02 and P03), who performed these tasks in different orders, were analyzed. Data was collected with a prospective questionnaire, Translog©-II program, Tobii Studio Eye Tracking Software©, OBS Studio, a smartwatch, and guided retrospective protocols. Results have shown that EL2 required more time from the participants, possibly due to their intermediate L2 proficiency level. Nevertheless, the time spent on this task was inversely proportional to its position in the order of the tasks. It has also been observed that machine translation has a facilitating effect on PEL2, requiring less time than EL2. Finally, it has been noticed that the temporal effort of EL1 and PEL2 altogether was inferior to that of EL2. Although post-editing is not performed very often in academia and requires more effort for more complex texts, results have suggested that it may be a more efficient form of writing in L2 when writing in L1 and post-editing in L2 require less time than writing in L2.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen Wikipedia es una enciclopedia digital, libre, colaborativa y multilingüe que se ha convertido en uno de los recursos más empleados en Internet a nivel mundial. Debido a su gran alcance social es objeto de estudio en muchas disciplinas, entre ellas, los Estudios de Traducción. La traducción en Wikipedia ha sido examinada para analizar no solo aspectos lingüísticos y terminológicos (McDonough Dolmaya, 2015), sino también etnográficos, sociológicos (Jiménez Crespo, 2017; Alonso-Jiménez, 2014) y didácticos. El potencial didáctico de Wikipedia para el aprendizaje de la traducción viene avalado por experiencias previas (Kodura, 2019; Martínez Carrasco, 2017) que destacan, entre otros aspectos, la capacidad para motivar al estudiantado dado que la traducción se desarrolla en un entorno real que imprime autenticidad a los encargos. Tomando como referencia tales experiencias que inciden en la mejora de la motivación y de las habilidades colaborativas del alumnado, en este artículo se expone un proyecto docente de traducción en Wikipedia en el par de lenguas alemán-español, orientado a la igualdad de género, para evaluar sus posibles beneficios y dificultades. La experiencia ha demostrado que los textos de Wikipedia requieren una adaptación textual con componentes similares a los de la traducción en el ámbito periodístico, donde se emplean técnicas de reducción y amplificación, así como de mejora estilística. La aplicación de estas técnicas, que otorgan mayor libertad al traductor, requiere una compleja toma de decisiones y, en este sentido, sirven de estímulo para el desarrollo de la capacidad crítica de los estudiantes.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Wikipedia is a free, collaborative, multilingual digital encyclopaedia and one of the most widely used resources on the Internet worldwide. Due to its great social reach, many disciplines have found in Wikipedia an invaluable area of research. The field of Translation Studies is not an exception. In this realm, Wikipedia offers great potential to explore not only linguistic and terminological aspects (McDonough Dolmaya, 2015), but also ethnographic, sociological (Jiménez Crespo, 2017; Alonso-Jiménez, 2014) and didactic perspectives. The didactic potential of Wikipedia for students of Translation Studies has been endorsed by previous studies (Kodura, 2019; Martínez Carrasco, 2017) that highlight, among other aspects, the ability to motivate students as translation is developed in a real environment that grants authenticity to translation assignments. On the basis of such experiences, which underscore the positive impact on both the motivation and collaborative skills of students, this article describes a teaching project focused on German-Spanish Wikipedia translation, gender-equality oriented, in order to evaluate its possible benefits and difficulties. The project has shown that Wikipedia texts require textual adaptation with components similar to those of journalistic translation, which employs reduction and amplification techniques as well as stylistic enhancement. The application of these techniques, which grant more freedom to the translator, requires complex decision-making and, thus, serves as a stimulus for developing students' critical capacity.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é interpretar, através de pesquisa empírica e descritiva, a função e posição sistêmica (Even-Zohar, 1990), que se procurou dar, no espaço cultural argentino, à edição da tradução de Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis, publicada em 1943, num momento em que o setor editorial do país passava por uma grande expansão devido à retração da indústria editorial espanhola. Por um lado, a intermediação de diversos agentes da importação no país de chegada, tais como editores, tradutores, ilustradores, críticos e atores estatais, foi considerada na abordagem (Heilbron & Sapiro, 2007); por outro, analisaram-se os paratextos (Genette, 2009), incluindo a ilustração da capa, entendida aqui como transposição intermidiática, e outros elementos icônicos. Por meio dessas análises, verificou-se que a função que se procurou dar à edição da tradução do romance no espaço cultural argentino variou entre a estética, a identitária, a política e a ideológica, segundo a atuação dos agentes.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The purpose of this article is to interpret, through empirical and descriptive research, the intended function and systemic position (Even-Zohar, 1990) given, in the Argentine cultural space, to the edition of the translation of Dom Casmurro, by Machado de Assis, published in 1943, at a time when the country's publishing sector was experiencing a great expansion due to the recession in the Spanish publishing industry. On the one hand, the intermediation of various agents of the translation in the target country, such as editors, translators, illustrators, critics and state actors, was taken into account by the approach (Heilbron & Sapiro, 2007); on the other hand, the paratexts were analyzed (Genette, 2009), including the cover illustration, interpreted as intermedial transposition, and other iconic elements. Through these analyses, it was verified that the intended function given to the novel’s translation edition in the Argentine cultural space varied between aesthetic, identity, political and ideological, according to the role of the agents.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Localization quality assessment in the Chinese context has largely focused on software systems and technical handbooks (Cui, 2013). The explosion of e-commerce underscores the need for culturally adapted websites (Liu et al., 2022). Yet very few systematic studies have been conducted on the commercial localization of Spanish product descriptions and instructions genres for the Chinese market. This paper presents the preliminary results of the first stage in a study aimed at developing and testing a set of criteria to assess the quality of localized cosmetic instructions on Chinese third-party platforms. Specifically, we focus on the genre characteristics of B2C websites in three subcorpora: original Spanish, original Chinese and translated Chinese. We have applied models of analysis of functional moves in digital genres from Swalesian genre theory (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993), and found that localized Chinese descriptions show more freedom in the functional structure than their Spanish source texts. The results are expected to provide guidance for translators in order to better attract Chinese consumers.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article examines the translation of Kazakh cultural objects in literary works, which holds significant importance for Kazakh language and culture. The article analyzes the significance of national hair ornaments and belts in the works of Kazakh writers and their translation into Russian and English. Kazakh people believe that the hair ornament sholpy protects a girl or a young woman from evil forces. This type of hair ornament has both material and spiritual significance in Kazakh culture. In Kazakh literary works, the value of the analyzed jewelry is connected with its affiliation to a person and social status. It is presented as a symbol of female beauty. The belt is a valuable piece of nomadic clothing and a highly valued sacred object in Kazakh culture. Specific functional and semantic meanings as well as translation in literary works have been considered. The importance of translation as a “golden bridge” between different cultures is on the rise. As in other spheres, the requirements for translation are updated depending on the purpose and stage. The anthropocentric trend in modern linguistics raises the question of the relationship between language, man and culture, and poses the task of being able to convey the world view of one nation in the language of another, preserving all cultural and spiritual characteristics, taking into account deep information about people’s background knowledge. The article also analyzes the problem of background knowledge and the peculiarities of translating Kazakh culture-specific elements with spiritual significance for the people. These elements should be taken into account when translating literary works.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen La demanda actual de traducción especializada, los avances tecnológicos, el uso de herramientas y los plazos de entrega han influido en el producto y el proceso, fomentando los servicios de posedición. La posedición se refiere a los ajustes realizados a los productos arrojados por un traductor automático (Alves et al., 2016). Por consiguiente, ha surgido un interés por estudiar la calidad del producto y cuestiones lingüísticas como aspectos sintácticos, morfosintácticos y semánticos (Popovic et al., 2014; Koponen et al., 2012; Temnikova, 2010), sin investigar los procesos cognitivos implicados en la lectura con fines de posedición. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la comprensión de un texto especializado con fines de posedición. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante seguimiento ocular y protocolo retrospectivo, a tres traductores. Los participantes poseditaron un texto de 227 palabras del ámbito de salud. Los resultados mostraron un involucramiento de la atención y la memoria de trabajo (Cowan, 1999, 2005; Cowan et al., 2021) durante el procesamiento de unidades terminológicas (UTs). Además, factores como el campo de conocimiento, la experiencia y el nivel de escolaridad también podrían afectar el proceso de posedición.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The current demand for specialized translation, technological advances, use of CAT tools, and delivery times have impacted both product and process, thereby fostering post-editing services. Post-editing refers to the adjustments of raw products by an automatic translator (Alves et al., 2016). Consequently, there has been an interest in studying product quality and various linguistic features including syntactic, morphosyntactic, and semantic aspects (Popovic et al., 2014; Koponen et al., 2012; Temnikova, 2010) without an examination of the cognitive processes involved in reading for post-editing. This paper aims to describe specialized text comprehension for post-editing purposes. Data was collected using an eye-tracker and a retrospective protocol from three translators. Acting as post-editors, participants were assigned to post-edit a 227-word text from the health area. Findings reveal that specialized text comprehension involves attention and working memory (Cowan, 1999, 2005; Cowan et al., 2021) during the processing of terminological units (TUs). Additionally, factors such as the field of knowledge, expertise, experience, and level of education might also influence the post-editing process.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen La audiodescripción (AD) del humor constituye un objeto de estudio poco explorado hasta la fecha, si bien es una práctica que se lleva a cabo desde que empezaron a describirse las obras audiovisuales para el público con discapacidad visual en sus diferentes géneros, incluida la comedia. Una de las sagas que más ha marcado la comedia cinematográfica española es Torrente, cuya primera entrega (Torrente, el brazo tonto de la ley, Santiago Segura, 1998) analizamos en la presente contribución debido a que la AD que se hizo para esta película se elaboró previamente a la publicación de la norma UNE 153020 (AENOR, 2005), que tiene por objeto regular la elaboración y locución de guiones audiodescritos. Nuestro objetivo es analizar en qué medida la AD de dicha comedia transgrede las recomendaciones que se deben seguir en la actualidad y reflexionar sobre cómo la AD no convencional podría influir sobre el efecto que la obra busca conseguir en la audiencia. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que la AD de la primera entrega de Torrente transgrede en gran medida la normativa actual y contribuye de forma intencionada al carácter humorístico del texto.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The audiodescription (AD) of humour has been overlooked as a subject of study until recently, although it is a practice that has been carried out since audiovisual works began to be audio described for blind and visually impaired audiences in different genres, including comedy. One of the most remarkable works in Spanish film comedy is the Torrente saga by Santiago Segura. This contribution examines the AD of the first film of the saga, Torrente, el brazo tonto de la ley (Torrente, the Dumb Arm of the Law) (Santiago Segura, 1998), which was produced prior to the publication of the Spanish standard UNE 153020 (AENOR, 2005) on the elaboration and delivery of audio-written scripts. Our aim is to analyse to what extent the AD of this comedy film transgresses current Spanish recommendations and to reflect on how non-conventional AD may enhance the intended impact on the audiences. The results of this paper show that the AD in the first film of the Torrente saga largely transgresses the current regulations and intentionally contributes to the humorous nature of the text.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen Desde la década de los 80, los intercambios literarios entre España y China han proliferado, como demuestran los centenares de obras españolas traducidas a la lengua china. Sin embargo, gran parte de estas publicaciones corresponden a obras escritas por hombres, mientras que las traducciones de escritoras y los estudios relacionados continúan en un segundo plano. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo destacar esta situación mediante un análisis fundamentado en una revisión bibliográfica. Para documentar esta circunstancia de manera más precisa, se han seleccionado diversas fuentes bibliográficas como manuales didácticos, libros traducidos, monografías temáticas, antologías y revistas académicas publicadas en China que se centran en la producción de escritoras españolas. Los datos observados reflejan su subrepresentación en el contexto chino del siglo XXI en comparación con los escritores hombres y las obras canónicas.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Since the 1980s, literary exchanges between Spain and China have flourished, as evidenced by the hundreds of Spanish works translated into the Chinese language. However, a significant portion of these publications consists of works authored by men, while translations of women writers and related studies remain in the background. This study aims to highlight this situation through an analysis based on a bibliographic review. To document this circumstance more precisely, various bibliographic sources such as textbooks, translated books, thematic monographs, anthologies, and academic journals published in China focusing on works by Spanish women writers have been selected. The observed data reflect their underrepresentation in the 21st century Chinese context compared to male writers and canonical works.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Media interpreting is becoming increasingly important due to the rise of international relations, with sport media interviews interpreted consecutively gaining more attention. As these interviews are aimed at ordinary audiences, it is crucial to understand the audience’s needs and expectations of optimal consecutive interpreting (CI). However, there has been limited research on interpreting recipients in Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the reception of English-Persian sport media interpreting in consecutive mode among ordinary audiences and trainee interpreters as professional viewers. It focused on three main questions: the first and second ones investigated the expectancy norms of optimal consecutive sport interpreting among ordinary audiences and trainee interpreters, and the third question compared these norms between the two groups. To this aim, a mixed-methods approach and triangulated research design that favored a participant-oriented study was employed. A researcher-made questionnaire and three focus group meetings were held in order to gather the required data. Drawing upon both the descriptive statistics of the gathered data and insights from existing literature, six distinct components have been identified. The results in both groups, demonstrated high scores on expectations related to the ‘fluency of delivery’; however, the dimensions of ‘pleasant voice’ and ‘sense consistency with the original message’ obtained the lowest scores, respectively. Considering the dimension ‘required skills’, there was a significant difference between the two groups. The findings shed light on the audiences’ expectations and needs of CI in the context of Iran.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen La terminología económica ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios de investigación desde diversas perspectivas comparativas y descriptivas, reconociendo su importancia en la calidad de las traducciones. Sin embargo, es preocupante que muchos de estos valiosos estudios no lleguen a manos de quienes podrían beneficiarse directamente de ellos: los traductores y traductoras. A menudo, estos recursos quedan descuidados cuando podrían ser de gran interés e impacto si se incorporaran en bases de datos terminológicas accesibles y herramientas específicas para traductores y traductoras. Esto es especialmente relevante en un contexto donde la evolución de la traducción automática subraya la importancia de que los traductores y traductoras desarrollen conocimientos altamente especializados. Ante este panorama, el presente estudio persigue un doble objetivo: en primer lugar, llevar a cabo un análisis bibliométrico y de contenido de la literatura existente en terminología económica; en segundo lugar, evaluar, a partir de este análisis, las contribuciones existentes considerando diferentes criterios y reflexionar sobre su utilidad práctica para la profesión de la traducción en el ámbito económico.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Economic terminology has been the subject of numerous research studies from comparative and descriptive perspectives, acknowledging its importance in the quality of translations. However, it is concerning that many of these valuable studies do not reach the hands of those who could directly benefit from them: translators. Often, these resources are neglected when they could be of great interest and impact if incorporated into accessible terminological databases and specific tools for translators and translation specialists. This is especially relevant in a context where the evolution of machine translation underscores the importance of translators developing highly specialized knowledge. Against this backdrop, the present study pursues a twofold objective: firstly, to carry out a bibliometric and content analysis of the existing literature on economic terminology; and secondly, to evaluate, based on this analysis, the existing contributions considering different criteria and reflect on their practical utility for the translation profession in the economic field.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen El uso de proverbios y refranes, tan característico de la lengua del pasado, no ha desaparecido y sigue siendo un rasgo peculiar de los registros más coloquiales, alcanzando a veces también el nivel estándar. Aprender estas piezas lingüísticas en el marco de una lengua extranjera significa enfrentarse a la ardua tarea de asimilar y memorizar enunciados que con frecuencia no encuentran ninguna correspondencia en la propia lengua nativa. Ahora bien, una fuente que puede contribuir a la transmisión de este bagaje lingüístico y cultural es sin duda el diccionario bilingüe, que reúne estas expresiones afianzando la competencia comunicativa del discente. El principal objetivo que nos hemos marcado consiste, pues, en analizar el tratamiento lexicográfico que se les reserva a las paremias en algunos diccionarios bilingües italiano-español usados actualmente. Haremos hincapié en el aspecto traductológico de estos enunciados, puesto que la falta de equivalentes acertados repercute sin duda negativamente en la adquisición por parte de quien consulta el diccionario.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The use of proverbs and sayings, so characteristic of the language of the past, has not disappeared and continues to be a peculiar feature of the most colloquial registers, sometimes also reaching the standard level. Learning this linguistic and cultural background in the framework of a foreign language means facing the arduous task of assimilating and memorizing statements that often do not find correspondence in one’s own native language. Having said that, a source that can contribute to the transmission of these linguistic combinations is undoubtedly the bilingual dictionary, which brings together these expressions, thus reinforcing the communicative competence of the student. The objective of the present essay is then to analyze the lexicographic treatment reserved for paroemias in some bilingual Italian-Spanish dictionaries currently used. We will emphasize the translation of these expressions, since the lack of accurate equivalents can have a negative impact on the acquisition through the consultation of the dictionaries.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen Este trabajo de investigación compara dos versiones completas de la traducción del chino al español de Las Analectas, una perteneciente a Chang Shiru, un académico chino, y la otra, a Joaquín Pérez Arroyo, un traductor español. A partir de un corpus de construcción propia se han elegido varios parámetros a nivel léxico, oracional y discursivo para desarrollar un estudio comparativo. Además, como estudio de caso, se han seleccionado el pronombre “yo”, la palabra clave “superior” y la partícula “que”. Según los resultados, en términos generales, Chang utiliza un inventario de vocabulario más rico y oraciones más simples en comparación con Pérez Arroyo, quien, a su vez, emplea un inventario menos variado y oraciones más complejas, y tiende a ser más explícito en su traducción. Sin embargo, la preferencia de los traductores hacia las técnicas de explicitación y simplificación varía según el público destinatario. Factores como las diferencias lingüísticas y culturales chino-español, las preferencias de los traductores, el propósito de la traducción y los antecedentes personales del traductor contribuyen posiblemente a configurar el estilo único de un traductor.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This study examines and contrasts two complete translations of The Analects, a Chinese philosophical book translated into Spanish. One version is by Chang Shiru, a Chinese scholar, while the other is by Joaquín Pérez Arroyo, a Spanish translator. A comparative analysis using various lexical, sentence, and discursive parameters based on a self-constructed corpus has been conducted. Furthermore, for the sake of a detailed analysis, the pronoun “yo”, the keyword “superior”, and the particle “que” have been chosen as a case study. Based on the findings, Chang demonstrates a more broad lexicon and employs less complicated sentence structures than Pérez Arroyo. On the other hand, Pérez Arroyo employs a less diverse vocabulary and constructs more sophisticated sentences. Furthermore, Pérez Arroyo tends to provide more explicit translations. Nevertheless, the preference of translators towards explicitness and simplification strategies varies depending on the intended readership. Various factors, including language and cultural differences between Chinese and Spanish, translators’ individual habits, the intended aim of the translation, and the translator's personal background, could impact the construction of a translator’s unique style.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The dialogical perspective which approaches literary texts within a web of relationships with other texts and discourses, past and contemporary, may be productive for the analysis, understanding, and translation of Shakespeare’s works. The intertextual connections that every literary text establishes with other discourses determine not only its meaning but also its texture. The purpose of the present essay is to emphasize the importance to identify the dialogical relations of Shakespeare’s plays for a deeper understanding of texts in their contexts, and for avoiding falling into reductionist interpretations or misconceptions. Also, to point out the relevance of taking intertextual phenomena into account in the act of translation, as it facilitates the translator’s mediating task of establishing a dialogue between the languages and cultures involved and making more informed and conscious choices. To showcase the effectiveness of identifying these meaningful relations, the intertextual relations of The Comedy of Errors with other texts and sources, the literary traditions prevailing at the time, and the Elizabethan cultural discourses are analyzed in light of Robert S. Miola’s proposal (2004).

Abstract in English:

Abstract Translation Studies has undergone a significant transformation from a practice which relied on intuitive knowledge to a discipline with systematic approaches that have contributed in illuminating the intricate nature of translation. In the study of the translation process, for example, scholars and practitioners have introduced various models that explain the diverse dimensions of translation, covering cognitive, cultural, linguistic, sociological, and alternative perspectives. Although there has been an extensive exploration of the translation process through the cognitive lens, there is very little understanding of how it unfolds within other theoretical frameworks. This paper addresses this gap by introducing the concept of process modelling, illustrating how scholars from different theoretical backgrounds have dissected the translation process into distinct components. The objective is to emphasize that translation, as the process of “text production” in a different language, is a multifaceted operation involving several stages or phases. Through the lens of process modelling, the paper contributes to a deeper comprehension of the complexities inherent in translation.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in translation assessment represents a significant evolution in the field, transcending traditional human-only scoring approaches. This study specifically examines the role of ChatGPT, a multilingual, transformer-based large language model developed by OpenAI, in the automated evaluation of machine translations between Portuguese and Mandarin. Despite ChatGPT’s burgeoning reputation for its advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities, research on its application in translation evaluation, particularly for this language pair, remains unexplored. To fill this gap, our research employed three prevalent machine translation tools to translate a set of twenty sentences from Chinese into Portuguese. Translated target text versions provided by professional Chinese-Portuguese translators were also included to estimate if the machine-translated target texts have achieved a certain degree of human parity. We then assessed these translations using both GPT models (ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4.0) and five human raters to offer a comprehensive scoring analysis. The study’s findings reveal that, particularly ChatGPT 4.0, exhibits substantial promise in evaluating translations across varied text types. However, this potential is tempered by notable inconsistencies and limitations in its performance. Through both quantitative analysis and qualitative insights, this research highlights the synergy between ChatGPT’s automated scoring and traditional human assessment. It uncovers some key benefits of this automated approach: (1) exploring viability of automated translation evaluation, particularly in Chinese-Portuguese language pair; (2) fostering critical supplement to human evaluation, and (3) uncovering the astonishing capability of cutting-edge machine translation tools in Chinese-Portuguese language pair. Our findings contribute to a more detailed comprehension of ChatGPT’s role in translation assessment and underscore the need for a balanced approach that leverages both human expertise and AI capabilities.

Abstract in English:

Abstract A corpus-based study involves working with the available linguistic material. In this paper, I address the tendency of translated texts to have some distinctive features (Baker, 2007), such as simplification and normalisation, which may be found in both standard translations and in self-translations. The focus in this work was on normalisation in the self-translated historical novel An Invincible Memory (Viva o Povo Brasileiro) by João Ubaldo Ribeiro (1984, 1989) to describe lexical and collocational normalisation. The novel covers 400 years of Brazilian history, numerous common people characters, and entails a non-literate use of language. The objectives were to provide a quantitative analysis of normalisation in self-translation, to indicate how self-translation operates when the direction of translation is from a less frequently spoken source language, such as Portuguese, to a more frequently spoken target language, such as English and, finally, to explore how lexical and collocational normalisation could be represented statistically in this self-translation. The methodology was in #LancsBox and consisted of the compilation of the texts in the form of corpora, the generation of wordlists including the number of items for a statistical analysis, a type/token ratio (TTR) to identify the first signs of normalisation, and the Key Word in Context (KWIC) tool to determine the lengths of the sentences in both texts. Finally, concordance graphics (GraphColls) were generated to summarise the results. The findings provided evidence of the standardisation of the TTR values (0.111 and 0.077, respectively) in the source text and in the self-translation. In addition, the article the (raw frequency 13,498) was in the top 10 of the most frequent words, thus denoting the overuse of target language patterns to ensure easy readability via a lower lexical range. The study aimed to provide some insights into a more pragmatic approach to João Ubaldo Ribeiro’s work.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Este artigo busca refletir sobre a tradução brasileira da obra Dernières leçons [Últimas aulas], do linguista Émile Benveniste, a partir da noção de “intraduzíveis”, elaborada por Barbara Cassin, em articulação com a ideia proposta pelo próprio Benveniste, apresentada em um artigo de 1958, intitulado “Categorias de pensamento e categorias de língua”, de que a análise de uma língua – e incluímos aí a tradução dessa língua – não exclui que esse tipo de estudo (a tradução) leve em conta a língua de quem produz a análise (ou a tradução). Desse conjunto de ideias, propõe-se que o tradutor, entendido como falante de uma língua, tem papel constitutivo do processo de tradução. A ideia, também, é ver em que medida a transmissão operada pela tradução do texto de Benveniste para a língua portuguesa interfere no pensamento transmitido. Por fim, analisam-se algumas particularidades da tradução brasileira da obra de Benveniste à luz do referencial construído.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article reflects on the Brazilian translation of the work Dernières leçons [Últimas aulas in Portuguese; Last lectures in English], by linguist Émile Benveniste, based on the notion of “untranslatables”, developed by Barbara Cassin, articulated with the idea proposed by Benveniste himself, included in the 1958 article titled “Categories of thought and language”, that the analysis of a language – and we include the translation of that language into that concept – does not factor out the fact that this type of study (translation) takes into account the language of those carrying out the analysis (or translation). Based on this set of ideas, we propose that the translator, conceived as a speaker of a language, plays a fundamental role in the translation process. The article also aims to understand to what extent the transmission produced by the translation of Benveniste’s work into Portuguese interferes with the transmitted thought. Finally, some particularities of the Brazilian translation of Benveniste’s work are analyzed in view of the theoretical framework herein.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen Atravesado por grandes avances en materia de tecnología, el primer tramo del siglo xxi se ha visto conmovido por el desarrollo vertiginoso de la inteligencia artificial. En efecto, las distintas esferas de nuestras vidas han sido afectadas tras la introducción de esta tecnología que conlleva cambios en ámbitos diversos como la educación, la salud, el arte, la ciencia, la industria del entretenimiento y el turismo, la publicidad, los medios y las redes sociales. El campo de la traducción no ha quedado ajeno a estos avances de la tecnología. Sin dudas, en este dominio profesional, en el que el uso de diversas herramientas tecnológicas es cada vez más común y necesario, los procesos de aprendizaje profundo facilitados por redes neuronales han venido a instalar una realidad ineludible. Este nuevo escenario nos insta a reflexionar sobre la formación del estudiantado en materia de traducción en el nivel universitario y su posterior inserción en el mercado laboral, así como también a ponderar las posibles repercusiones profesionales, éticas y ontológicas que el advenimiento de la inteligencia artificial puede suponer para la conceptualización de la actividad de la traducción y del sujeto que la realiza. Este artículo busca aportar a los debates en torno al uso de la inteligencia artificial en el campo de la traducción literaria y su enseñanza. Más específicamente, aspira a contribuir a (re)examinar la singularidad de la traducción literaria, particularmente, en entornos mediados por sistemas de IA, y a plantear cuestiones pertinentes a la formación del estudiantado universitario desde una perspectiva crítica y ética.

Abstract in English:

Abstract Fueled by significant advances in technology, the first portion of the 21st century has been marked by the rapid development of artificial intelligence. Indeed, various spheres of our lives have been affected by the introduction of this technology, which brings about changes in areas such as education, health, art, science, the entertainment and tourism industry, advertising, media, and social networks. The field of translation has not been immune to these technological advancements. Certainly, in this professional domain, where the use of technological tools is increasingly common and necessary, deep learning processes facilitated by neural networks have established an unavoidable reality. This new scenario invites us to reflect on the training of translation students at university level and their subsequent entry into the labor market, as well as to consider the possible professional, ethical, and ontological repercussions that the advent of artificial intelligence might pose for the conceptualization of translation activity and the individuals performing it. This article aims to participate in the discussions regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the field of literary translation in a pedagogical context. More specifically, it seeks to contribute to (re)examining the uniqueness of literary translation, particularly in environments mediated by artificial intelligence systems, and to raising relevant issues concerning the training of university students from a critical and ethical perspective.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen El medioambiente abarca numerosos dominios del saber y la evolución de su conocimiento está cada vez más presente en los noticiarios y en la investigación científica. Asimismo, comprende textos de todas las ciencias que abarca y el esquema cognitivo y social que encierren estos géneros favorece un contexto automático y la aparición de géneros híbridos fruto del cruce de disciplinas. Por ello, en el presente artículo se aborda el lenguaje científico y técnico del medioambiente y se presenta una clasificación de géneros técnicos textuales, con especial atención al género técnico del informe de auditoría ambiental, tanto en español como en italiano. Concretamente, el informe de auditoría ambiental resulta ser un documento científico y técnico, pues a la presentación de datos, fruto de la investigación científica, le sigue la aplicación de unas técnicas con ciertos aparatos de medición para la recogida de datos, como previo paso a la integración de resultados. Para su análisis, se presentará un breve estudio basado en un microcorpus de informes de auditoría ambiental en ambos idiomas, con el objetivo de explorar nuevos horizontes para lingüistas y traductores en el campo medioambiental y colmar así los vacíos todavía existentes en el par de idiomas italiano-español.

Abstract in English:

Abstract The environment covers many fields of knowledge, and the evolution of its knowledge is increasingly present in the news and in scientific research. It also includes texts from all the sciences it encompasses, and the cognitive and social framework of these genres favours an automatic context and the appearance of hybrid genres resulting from the crossing of disciplines. For this reason, this article deals with the scientific and technical language of the environment and presents a classification of technical textual genres, with special attention to the technical genre of the environmental audit report, both in Spanish and Italian. Specifically, the environmental audit report turns out to be a scientific and technical document, since the presentation of data, the result of scientific research, is followed by the application of techniques with certain measuring devices for the collection of data, as a preliminary step to the integration of results. For its analysis, a brief study based on a microcorpus of environmental audit reports in both languages will be presented, with the aim of exploring new horizons for linguists and translators in the environmental field and thus filling the gaps still existing in the Italian-Spanish language pair.

Abstract in Spanish:

Resumen En el ámbito de la terminología se distingue entre distintos tipos de competencias terminológicas, como la “terminología sistemática” y “terminología puntual”. La terminología sistemática se define como la competencia para elaborar glosarios multilingües a partir de traducciones especializadas, y la capacidad de llevar a cabo tareas de gestión terminológica aplicada a la traducción integrando herramientas de lingüística de corpus, de extracción terminológica, de bases de datos terminológicas, de traducción asistida y traducción automática. La terminología puntual se define como la competencia que debe tener un traductor especializado para resolver los problemas terminológicos que aparecen en una traducción especializada. Existe mucha menos bibliografía que se haya ocupado de describir y sistematizar esta competencia, que se ha abordado desde la disciplina de la terminología: Arnzt & Picht (1982), Célestin et al. (1984), Cabré (2004), Tebé & Pissolato (2019), Franco (2020). Desde los estudios de traductología se le ha dedicado tradicionalmente muy poca atención, ya que no suelen individualizar los problemas terminológicos en la traducción como una categoría con entidad propia que requiere una atención particular. En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de definición y sistematización de las subcompetencias que debe tener un traductor especializado cuando actúa como terminólogo puntual. El corpus de textos con que se ilustrarán las subcompetencias está formado por distintos artículos académicos en inglés del ámbito de las ciencias biomédicas (artículos de revisión y artículos experimentales), traducidos al español por distintas cohortes de estudiantes de nivel de Magíster en Traducción.

Abstract in English:

Abstract In the discipline of terminology, a distinction is made between different types of terminological competences, such as systematic terminology and ad-hoc terminology. The former is defined as the ability to create multilingual glossaries from specialized translations, and the ability to perform terminology management tasks applied to translation, incorporating corpus linguistics tools, performing terminology extraction, building terminology databases, and carrying out computer-assisted translation and machine translation tasks. Ad-hoc terminology is defined as the competence that a specialized translator should have in order to solve terminology problems that arise in a specialized translation. There is much less literature concerned with describing and systematizing this competence, and these approaches come from the field of terminology: Arnzt & Picht (1982), Célestin et al. (1984), Cabré (2004), Tebé & Pissolato (2019), Franco (2020). Translatology studies have traditionally paid little attention to ad-hoc terminology since they do not categorize terminological problems in translation as a singular entity that requires particular attention. This article presents a proposal for defining and systematizing the competences that a specialized translator should have when acting as an ad-hoc terminologist. The corpus of texts used to illustrate the competences consists of different scholarly articles in English in the field of biomedical sciences (review articles and experimental articles), translated into Spanish by different cohorts of a translation Master’s level students.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a coletânea de contos de Machado de Assis lançada na China em 2020, que foi organizada por Xuefei Min. Em um primeiro momento, traçamos um breve panorama da presença de Machado de Assis na China. Na sequência, com base em Genette (2009), analisamos os paratextos da coletânea e ainda, com o auxílio de Berman (1995) e Pym (2012), discutimos a posição tradutiva, o projeto de tradução e o horizonte do(s) tradutor (es), bem como aspectos ligados à ética da tradução.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article aims to highlight the collection of short stories by Machado de Assis released in China in 2020, organized by Xuefei Min. In this text, based on Genette (2009), we will first analyze the paratexts, and then, with the help, mainly of Berman (1995) and Pym (2012), we will discuss the translational position, the translation project and the horizon of the translator(s) of this collection, as well as aspects related to the ethics of translation.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma tradução comentada do poema “i wish i were two dogs then i could play with me (translator’s note on euripedes’ bakkhai)”, de Anne Carson (2015) – escrito com que a autora canadense introduz sua tradução d’As bacantes, de Eurípedes. Comentam-se e discutem-se, por um lado, as soluções formais e semânticas adotadas no trânsito do poema entre o inglês e o português, segundo a metodologia desenvolvida por Paulo Henriques Britto (2006, 2015). O comentário à tradução discute também, por outro lado, o próprio estatuto do poema como nota de tradução: reflete-se aqui sobre a aparente contradição performativa implicada no gesto de Anne Carson, levando-se em conta o teor surpreendente de sua nota-poema, as relações que esta mantém com a tradução subsequente, e o lugar que assume no contexto mais amplo das práticas e reflexões tradutórias de Anne Carson.

Abstract in English:

Abstract This article presents an annotated translation of the poem “i wish i were two dogs then i could play with me (translator’s note on euripedes’ bakkhai)”, by Anne Carson (2015) – the writing with which the Canadian author introduces her translation of Euripides’ Bakkhai. On the one hand, it comments on and discusses the formal and semantic solutions adopted in the transit of the poem between English and Portuguese, according to the methodology developed by Paulo Henriques Britto (2006, 2015). The commentary on the translation also discusses, on the other hand, the very status of the poem as a translation note: it reflects on the apparent performative contradiction implied in Anne Carson’s gesture, considering the surprising tenor of her poem-note, the relationships it maintains with the subsequent translation and the place it assumes in the broader context of Anne Carson’s translation practices and reflections.