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Imaging features and clinic value of mri and ct in diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Abstract

To investigate the imaging features and clinic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). 139 RCC patients underwent MRI and CT examination before surgery, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of MRI and CT in diagnosing ccRCC were analyzed and compared. There were 93 true-positive, 11 false-positive, 11 false-negative and 24 true-negative in MRI screening with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 89.42%, 68.57%, 84.17%, 89.42% and 68.57% respectively. Whereas there were 72 true-positive, 4 false-positive, 32 false-negative and 31 true-negative in CT screening with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 69.23%, 88.57%, 74.10%, 94.74% and 49.21% respectively. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRI were better than those of CT, while the specificity of CT was better than that of MRI. MRI and CT have respective advantages in the diagnosis of ccRCC. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRI are superior to those of CT, while the specificity of CT is superior to that of MRI. Clinically, different examinations are selected according to different situations.

Keywords:
MRI; CT; clear cell renal cell carcinoma; imaging features; diagnostic value

1 Introduction

Renal cancer accounts for 5% and 3% of all malignant tumors in men and women respectively, being the 7th most common cancer in men and the 10th in women (Siegel et al., 2017Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2017). Cancer statistics, 2017. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 67(1), 7-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387. PMid:28055103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387...
). Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a cancer originating from renal epithelium, accounting for more than 90% of cancers in the kidney, and about 30% of patients have metastatic diseases at the time of diagnosis (Ferlay et al., 2015Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International Journal of Cancer, 136(5), E359-E386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210. PMid:25220842.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210...
). It includes more than 10 histological and molecular subtypes, of which clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is the most common and the leading cause of death (Hsieh et al., 2017Hsieh, J. J., Purdue, M. P., Signoretti, S., Swanton, C., Albiges, L., Schmidinger, M., Heng, D. Y., Larkin, J., & Ficarra, V. (2017). Renal cell carcinoma. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 3(1), 17009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.9. PMid:28276433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.9...
) with a 5-year survival rate of 68.9% (Cheville et al., 2003Cheville, J. C., Lohse, C. M., Zincke, H., Weaver, A. L., & Blute, M. L. (2003). Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 27(5), 612-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200305000-00005. PMid:12717246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-20030...
). It has been reported that different subtypes of RCC have different prognosis and biological behavior due to their different genetic and histological features, and the prognosis of ccRCC is the worst among subtypes (Roy et al., 2007Roy, C., Sauer, B., Lindner, V., Lang, H., Saussine, C., & Jacqmin, D. (2007). MR Imaging of papillary renal neoplasms: potential application for characterization of small renal masses. European Radiology, 17(1), 193-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0271-9. PMid:16758161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-027...
; Kim et al., 2002Kim, J. K., Kim, T. K., Ahn, H. J., Kim, C. S., Kim, K. R., & Cho, K. S. (2002). Differentiation of subtypes of renal cell carcinoma on helical CT scans. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 178(6), 1499-1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.6.1781499. PMid:12034628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.6.1781...
). Different subtypes should be treated differently, but improper interpretation of images can lead to misdiagnosis (Hu et al., 2014Hu, H. Y., Wei, S. P., & Zhang, Z. J. (2014). Application of combined conventional two-dimensional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differentiating subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Jiangsu Medical Journal, 40, 1566-1569.). Therefore, radiologists are familiar with the imaging appearance of RCC, and understand that the subtype of RCC is important for the treatment and prognosis of patients.

With the continuous development of imaging technology, it is particularly important to be familiar with the characteristics and advantages of various imaging examinations. Choosing appropriate imaging methods according to the pathological conditions of patients plays a vital role in the diagnosis of RCC, which determines the early diagnosis efficiency of tumors, and is also essential for tumor staging and treatment plan (Catalano et al., 2003Catalano, C., Fraioli, F., Laghi, A., Napoli, A., Pediconi, F., Danti, M., Nardis, P., & Passariello, R. (2003). High-resolution multidetector CT in the preoperative evaluation of patients with renal cell carcinoma. American Journal of Roentgenology, 180(5), 1271-1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.180.5.1801271. PMid:12704036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.180.5.1801...
; Vargas et al., 2012Vargas, H. A., Chaim, J., Lefkowitz, R. A., Lakhman, Y., Zheng, J., Moskowitz, C. S., Sohn, M. J., Schwartz, L. H., Russo, P., & Akin, O. (2012). Renal cortical tumors: use of multiphasic contrast-enhanced MR imaging to differentiate benign and malignant histologic subtypes. Radiology, 264(3), 779-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12110746. PMid:22829683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.1211074...
). At present, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are the most commonly used imaging methods in clinical diagnosis of RCC. CT scans evaluates local invasiveness, lymph node involvement or distant metastasis, and MRI provides additional information on local progress of tumor thrombus and vein involvement. In order to determine the stage of RCC, it is very necessary to perform enhanced chest, abdomen and pelvic CT. However, if patients are allergic to CT contrast agents, chest high-resolution CT scans and abdominal MRI without contrast agents should be performed (Escudier et al., 2019Escudier, B., Porta, C., Schmidinger, M., Rioux-Leclercq, N., Bex, A., Khoo, V., Grünwald, V., Gillessen, S., & Horwich, A. (2019). Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 30(5), 706-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz056. PMid:30788497.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz056...
; Koshani et al., 2020Koshani, R., Jafari, S. M., & van de Ven, T. G. M. (2020). Going deep inside bioactive-loaded nanocarriers through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 101, 198-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05...
). MRI is usually used as a supplement to CT because of its high cost, long scanning time and patients’ contraindication.

Most of the relevant literature on the diagnostic value of imaging are based on imaging analysis and comparison, so this study aims to compare the diagnostic value of CT and MRI in ccRCC in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 General data

139 RCC patients admitted to Henan Province Hospital of TCM from July 2015 to December 2017 were selected and retrospectively analyzed, with an average age of (45.46 ± 15.18). Among them, 104 were confirmed as ccRCC by biopsy or pathology, including 68 males and 36 females, with the main clinical symptoms of gross hematuria, waist soreness and abdominal pain, and some patients with mild anemia after laboratory examination. Inclusion criteria: patients receiving no interventional therapy or relevant kidney surgery before CT and MRI; patients with comprehensive and accurate hospitalization records, pathology and operation records. Exclusion criteria: patients allergic to CT and MRI contrast agents and hypotonic drugs; patients in pregnancy, lactation or with blood system diseases, abdominal surgery history and other tumors and metastases. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee, and all subjects signed informed consent forms. General information of patients is shown in Table 1.

Table 1
General information of patients.

2.2 Instruments

Discovery CT750HD and Signal HDXT 3.0T MRI apparatus were both purchased from GE Company; Iohexol contrast agent was purchased from Guangzhou Xianling Company; gadolinium-DTPA (GD-DTPA) contrast agent was purchased from GE Company.

2.3 MRI examination

Fasted for 6-8 h before scanning, the patients were examined by plain and enhanced scans in a horizotntal position after inhalation. Axial spin-echo (SE) sequence T1 weighted image (WI), T2 WI, diffusion weighted image (DWI), gradient echo in-phase (IP) and opposed-phase (OP) and fast volumetric plain scan were used for onventional examination, with a scanning layer thickness of 6 mm. Gd-DTPA (15-30 mL) was used as the contrast agent in enhanced scanning and was then injected into forearm superficial vein with a high-pressure syringe at 2.5 mL/s. The scanning was performed for 30 seconds in arterial phase and 240 seconds in excretory phase.

2.4 CT examination

The patients fasted for more than 8 hours before examination, 800-1000 mL of warm water was taken to fill the intestinal tract 30 min before scanning, and the scanning was started after inhalation. The patients lied on a scanning bed in a horizotntal position, then the scanning parameters were set: tube voltage 120-140 Kv, tube current 220-260 mAs, pitch 1-1.5, bed moving speed 5-10 mm/s, slice thickness 5-7 mm, reconstruction interval 1-2 mm, and interlayer distance 2.5-3.5 mm. Enhanced scan was performed after plain scan using 70-100 mL of iohexol contrast agent (300 mgI/mL) injection at 3 mL/s. The scan was performed for 25-30 seconds in arterial phase, 60-90 in nephpographic phase, and 180-300 in excretory phase.

2.5 Diagnostic analysis

Imaging analysis was performed by two radiologists with more than 10 years of experience, and the patients were confirmed with renal cell carcinoma according to the results combined with pathological characteristics. The typical ccRCC manifests a significant enhancement in the cortex, medulla and kidney imaging stages, with a relatively low density in the parenchymal phase, which is a fast-forward, fast-out enhancement. Pathological gold standard results were used as a control for the diagnostic efficacy of the two imaging methods, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were used as evaluation indicators.

2.6 Statistical analysis

SPSS 20.0 (Shanghai Cabit Information Technology Co., Ltd.) statistical software was used for analysis. McNemar test was used for counting data, and P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

3 Results

3.1 MRI imaging analysis of ccRCC

MRI showed that lesions appeared hypointense on TIWI and hyperintense on T2Wl in ccRCC, most of which showed peripheral enhancement, and whole-tumor showed uneven enhancement. CT showed that the tumors had equal, slightly lower or slightly higher density than surrounding renal tissue in ccRCC, with inhomogeneous or mixed density and uneven enhancement, which was significantly enhanced in the corticomedullary phase, as shown in Figures 1 -4.

Figure 1
Chromophobe cell carcinoma. There were T1 WI, T2 WI, early and late enhanced MRI images respectively. The lesions were round-like and well-defined with equal-signal on T1 WI, equal and slightly lower on T2 WI. Uneven enhancement showed at the early stage of enhanced scan then slightly decreased at the late stage.
Figure 2
Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma. Massive round-like masses can be seen. The masses were massive round-like with equal-signal on T1 WI, equal and slightly higher on T2 WI, and delayed and progressive enhancement showed with mainly banding-like peripheral enhancement.
Figure 3
Mucinous tubule and spindle renal cell carcinoma. Round-like masses can be seen in the cortex with low-signal on T1 WI, high-signal on T2 WI, and no enhancement in early stage but delayed mild enhancement in late stage.
Figure 4
XP11. 2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion related renal carcinoma. CT plain scan and CT enhanced image respectively. Solid masses with dot high density shadows and slight enhancement.

3.2 Comparison of MRI and CT in the diagnosis of ccRCC

There were 93 true-positive, 11 false-positive, 11 false-negative and 24 true-negative in MRI screening. And the sensitivity was 89.42% (93/104), specificity was 68.57% (24/35), accuracy was 84.17% ((93 + 24)/139), positive predictive value was 89.42% (93/104), and negative predictive value was 68.57% (24/35).

There were 72 true-positive, 4 false-positive, 32 false-negative and 31 true-negative in CT screening. And the sensitivity was 69.23% (72/104), specificity was 88.57% (31/35), accuracy was 74.10% ((72 + 31)/139), positive predictive value was 94.74% (72/76), and negative predictive value was 49.21% (31/63).

There was no significant difference in positive predictive value and accuracy between MRI and CT screening (P > 0.05). The sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRI were better than those of CT, while the specificity of CT was better than that of MRI (P < 0.05). See Tables 2 -4 for details.

Table 2
Comparison of MRI results and pathological results.
Table 3
Comparison of CT results and pathological results.
Table 4
Comparison of the efficacy of MRI and CT in the diagnosis of ccRCC (%).

4 Discussion

RCC, the most deadly malignant tumor of urinary system (Motzer et al., 2011Motzer, R. J., Agarwal, N., Beard, C., Bhayani, S., Bolger, G. B., Carducci, M. A., Chang, S. S., Choueiri, T. K., Hancock, S. L., Hudes, G. R., Jonasch, E., Josephson, D., Kuzel, T. M., Levine, E. G., Lin, D. W., Margolin, K. A., Michaelson, M. D., Olencki, T., Pili, R., Ratliff, T. W., Redman, B. G., Robertson, C. N., Ryan, C. J., Sheinfeld, J., Spiess, P. E., Wang, J., & Wilder, R. B. (2011). Kidney cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 9(9), 960-977. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2011.0082. PMid:21917622.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2011.008...
; Siegel et al., 2015Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2015). Cancer statistics, 2015. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65(1), 5-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254. PMid:25559415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254...
; Wu et al., 2020Wu, X., Li, M., Xiao, Z., Daglia, M., Dragan, S., Delmas, D., Vong, C. T., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Shen, J., Nabavi, S. M., Sureda, A., Cao, H., Simal-Gandara, J., Wang, M., Sun, C., Wang, S., & Xiao, J. (2020). Dietary polyphenols for managing cancers: what have we ignored? Trends in Food Science & Technology, 101, 150-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05...
), is not a single entity, but heterogeneous tumors with different histological findings, cytogenetic abnormalities, biological behavior, prognosis and therapeutic response (Lopez-Beltran et al., 2009Lopez-Beltran, A., Carrasco, J. C., Cheng, L., Scarpelli, M., Kirkali, Z., & Montironi, R. (2009). 2009 update on the classification of renal epithelial tumors in adults. International Journal of Urology, 16(5), 432-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02302.x. PMid:19453547.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.20...
). The RCC was classified into several different subtypes by Adult Renal Tumors Classification of World Health Organization in 2004, of which ccRCC accounts for 70%. Due to its rich lipid content, ccRCC was golden on cut specimens, while alveoli, acinus or solid structures, including clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm and fine vascular network, were usually detected by micro-testings (Ramankulov et al., 2008Ramankulov, A., Lein, M., Johannsen, M., Schrader, M., Miller, K., Loening, S. A., & Jung, K. (2008). Serum amyloid A as indicator of distant metastases but not as early tumor marker in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Letters, 269(1), 85-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.022. PMid:18504068.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008....
). Compared with other subtypes, ccRCC develops symptoms in the late stage and has a poorer prognosis and a greater tendency to metastasize, with a metastatic rate of 94% (Amin et al., 2002Amin, M. B., Amin, M. B., Tamboli, P., Javidan, J., Stricker, H., Venturina, M. D.-P., Deshpande, A., & Menon, M. (2002). Prognostic impact of histologic subtyping of adult renal epithelial neoplasms: an experience of 405 cases. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 26(3), 281-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200203000-00001. PMid:11859199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-20020...
; Young et al., 2013Young, J. R., Margolis, D., Sauk, S., Pantuck, A. J., Sayre, J., & Raman, S. S. (2013). Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: discrimination from other renal cell carcinoma subtypes and oncocytoma at multiphasic multidetector CT. Radiology, 267(2), 444-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13112617. PMid:23382290.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.1311261...
). The most common sites for metastasis are different according to subtypes, and lung is the most common site for ccRCC metastasis (Hoffmann et al., 2008Hoffmann, N. E., Gillett, M. D., Cheville, J. C., Lohse, C. M., Leibovich, B. C., & Blute, M. L. (2008). Differences in organ system of distant metastasis by renal cell carcinoma subtype. The Journal of Urology, 179(2), 474-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.09.036. PMid:18076920.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.09...
; Gurel et al., 2013Gurel, S., Narra, V., Elsayes, K. M., Siegel, C. L., Chen, Z. E., & Brown, J. J. (2013). Subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: MRI and pathological features. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, 19(4), 304-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/dir.2013.147. PMid:23439256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/dir.2013.147...
). Imaging is still the main basis for RCC diagnosis, screening, follow-up and treatment monitoring. Researches show that ccRCC subtypes can be non-invasively distinguished in imaging (Sun et al., 2009Sun, M. R., Ngo, L., Genega, E. M., Atkins, M. B., Finn, M. E., Rofsky, N. M., & Pedrosa, I. (2009). Renal cell carcinoma: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for differentiation of tumor subtypes--correlation with pathologic findings. Radiology, 250(3), 793-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503080995. PMid:19244046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503080...
; Prasad et al., 2006Prasad, S. R., Humphrey, P. A., Catena, J. R., Narra, V. R., Srigley, J. R., Cortez, A. D., Dalrymple, N. C., & Chintapalli, K. N. (2006). Common and uncommon histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: imaging spectrum with pathologic correlation. Radiographics, 26(6), 1795-1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.266065010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.266065010...
).

Taking pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the diagnostic values of MRI and CT were compared, and the imaging features of MRI in diagnosing ccRCC were analyzed in our study. The results showed that there were 97 true-positive, 7 false-positive, 5 false-negative and 30 true-negative in MRI screening with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 95.10%, 81.08%, 91.37%, 93.27% and 85.71% respectively. Whereas there were 88 true-positive, 16 false-positive, 10 false-negative and 25 true-negative in CT screening with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 89.80%, 60.98%, 81.29%, 84.62% and 71.43% respectively. There was no significant difference in positive predictive value and accuracy between MRI and CT screening (P > 0.05). The sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRI were better than those of CT, while the specificity of CT was better than that of MRI (P < 0.05). Therefore, MRI is better than CT in diagnosing ccRCC. The reason may be that a small number of ccRCC have uncertain enhancements when using CT scan, and heterogeneity, irregular margin and calcification are suggestive diagnostic features. However, quantitative and qualitative contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRI can distinguish ccRCC accurately (Beddy et al., 2014Beddy, P., Genega, E. M., Ngo, L., Hindman, N., Wei, J., Bullock, A., Bhatt, R. S., Atkins, M. B., & Pedrosa, I. (2014). Tumor necrosis on magnetic resonance imaging correlates with aggressive histology and disease progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, 12(1), 55-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2013.07.006. PMid:24145001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2013.07...
; Wang et al., 2017Wang, H. Y., Su, Z. H., Xu, X., Huang, N., Sun, Z. P., Wang, Y. W., Li, L., Guo, A. T., Chen, X., Ma, X., Ma, L., & Ye, H. Y. (2017). Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in renal tumors: common subtype differentiation using pharmacokinetics. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 3117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03376-7. PMid:28596583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-033...
).

The images in our study showed that MRI features of ccRCC lesions were hypointense on TIWI and hyperintense on T2Wl, most of which showed peripheral enhancement, and the whole-tumor showed uneven enhancement. CT features of ccRCC tumors had equal, slightly lower or slightly higher density than surrounding renal tissues, with inhomogeneous or mixed density and uneven enhancement, which was significantly enhanced in the corticomedullary phase. According to relevant studies, the general morphological characteristics of CCRC indicate its subtypes. The typical manifestation of CCRCs is exogenous growth, with heterogeneity tendency due to intratumoral necrosis, cystic changes or hemorrhage (Prasad et al., 2006Prasad, S. R., Humphrey, P. A., Catena, J. R., Narra, V. R., Srigley, J. R., Cortez, A. D., Dalrymple, N. C., & Chintapalli, K. N. (2006). Common and uncommon histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: imaging spectrum with pathologic correlation. Radiographics, 26(6), 1795-1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.266065010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.266065010...
; Low et al., 2016Low, G., Huang, G., Fu, W., Moloo, Z., & Girgis, S. (2016). Review of renal cell carcinoma and its common subtypes in radiology. World Journal of Radiology, 8(5), 484-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i5.484. PMid:27247714.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i5.484...
), which are consistent with the MRI imaging features described in our study. In addition, Pedrosa et al. (2008)Pedrosa, I., Chou, M. T., Ngo, L., H Baroni, R., Genega, E. M., Galaburda, L., DeWolf, W. C., & Rofsky, N. M. (2008). MR classification of renal masses with pathologic correlation. European Radiology, 18(2), 365-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-0757-0. PMid:17899106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-075...
found that the large volume, intratumoral necrosis, retroperitoneal vascular collaterals and renal vein thrombosis predicted high-stage clear cell subtype. Karlo et al. (2013)Karlo, C. A., Donati, O. F., Burger, I. A., Zheng, J., Moskowitz, C. S., Hricak, H., & Akin, O. (2013). MR imaging of renal cortical tumours: qualitative and quantitative chemical shift imaging parameters. European Radiology, 23(6), 1738-1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-2758-x. PMid:23300041.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-275...
found that a decrease in signal intensity on opposed-phase chemical shift images was not an identifying feature of ccRCCs, but can also be observed in angiomyolipoma and other subtypes of RCC. After excluding angiomyolipomas, a decrease in signal intensity of more than 25% was diagnostic for ccRCCs. An important imaging feature of MRI is the signal intensity appearance of tumors on T2 WI, and most ccRCCs show high T2 signal intensity (Low et al., 2016Low, G., Huang, G., Fu, W., Moloo, Z., & Girgis, S. (2016). Review of renal cell carcinoma and its common subtypes in radiology. World Journal of Radiology, 8(5), 484-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i5.484. PMid:27247714.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i5.484...
). Sun et al. (2009)Sun, M. R., Ngo, L., Genega, E. M., Atkins, M. B., Finn, M. E., Rofsky, N. M., & Pedrosa, I. (2009). Renal cell carcinoma: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for differentiation of tumor subtypes--correlation with pathologic findings. Radiology, 250(3), 793-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503080995. PMid:19244046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503080...
evaluated the T1 and T2 signal intensities of 49 RCC patients, including 28 ccRCCs and 21 papillary RCCs, and it was found that although the T1 signal intensity of the two subtypes were similar, it can be distinguished according to T2 signal intensity. Papillary RCCs showed an average signal intensity ratio of 0.67 ± 0.2, and ccRCC showed 1.41 ± 0.4 (P < 0.05). A multiphase MRI study on 113 renal masses conducted by Oliva et al. (2009)Oliva, M. R., Glickman, J. N., Zou, K. H., Teo, S. Y., Mortelé, K. J., Rocha, M. S., & Silverman, S. G. (2009). Renal cell carcinoma: t1 and t2 signal intensity characteristics of papillary and clear cell types correlated with pathology. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 192(6), 1524-1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1727. PMid:19457814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1727...
found that ccRCC had significantly higher signal intensity changes in cortical medulla and renal phases than other subtypes. ccRCC also had higher tumor-cortical enhancement index (TCR) than other subtypes in these two phases.

5 Conclusions

To sum up, the diagnostic efficiency of MRI scan screening in ccRCC is better than that of CT. MRI can provide a more detailed imaging basis when CT scan screening is not sufficient to accurately determine ccRCC lesions. Therefore, MRI is a screening method and an important basis for providing reasonable treatment in the affordable range.

  • Practical Application: The diagnostic value of MRI and CT in ccRCC.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    05 Mar 2021
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    23 Aug 2020
  • Accepted
    28 Sept 2020
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