Goat milk concentrated by nanofiltration: flow decline modeling and characterization

CANELLA, Maria Helena Machado; AREND, Giordana Demaman; SOARES, Lenilton Santos; PLOÊNCIO, Leandro Antunes de Sá; MOLOGNONI, Luciano; DAGUER, Heitor; ESMERINO, Erick Almeida; SILVA, Ramon; HERNANDEZ, Eduard; PRUDENCIO, Elane Schwinden

doi:10.1590/fst.132622

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 43 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.132622 copy

Goat milk concentrated by nanofiltration: flow decline modeling and characterization

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The skimmed goat milk was submitted to the nanofiltration process using a volume reduction factor (VRF) equal to 2. It was verified a rapid decrease of the permeate flux at a low time, with a continuous flux, caused by the reversible resistance, which is characterized by the standard and complete blocking. The combined fouling model was evaluated, including complete pore blocking and cake filtration mechanism, which described the skimmed goat milk nanofiltration behavior. For the VRF equal to 2 was determined the total solids, protein, lactose, ash, mineral fraction content, which increased successfully with the nanofiltration process. The Power Law and Herschel-Buckley models were fitting to describe the flow behavior for retentate, which presented the higher apparent viscosity.

Keywords:
goat milk; membrane separation; concentration; permeate flux; milk components

Fouling mechanism	K	R²
Complete blocking (n = 2) (s^-1)	0.051	0.98
Standard blocking (n = 1.5) (m^-0.5 s^-0.5)	0.016	0.97
Incomplete blocking (n = 1) (m^-1)	0.015	0.86

Analyses	Skimmed goat milk	Retentate	Permeate
Total solids (g 100 g^-1)	8.46 ± 0.01^b	13.46 ± 0.08^a	1.00 ± 0.01^c
Total protein (g 100 g^-1)	2.91 ± 0.05^b	4.41 ± 0.02^a	0.24 ± 0.01^c
Lactose (g 100 g^-1)	3.93 ± 0.05^b	8.10 ± 0.32^a	ND
Ash (g 100g^-1)	0.96 ± 0.03^b	1.22 ± 0.01^a	0.45 ± 0.01^c
Ca (mg 100g^-1)	9874.80 ± 3.38^b	19266.85 ± 34.77^a	848.45 ± 0.36^c
Mg (mg 100g^-1)	825.16 ± 1.21^b	1801.00 ± 0.15^a	99.94 ± 0.01^c
Zn (mg 100g^-1)	69.71 ± 0.03^a	41.91 ± 0.01^c	42.12 ± 0.03^b
Cu (mg 100g^-1)	2.99 ± 0.01^c	3.80 ± 0.01^b	10.10 ± 0.01^a
Mn (mg 100g^-1)	0.21 ± 0.01^c	2.05 ± 0.01^a	0.62 ± 0.01^b
Co (mg 100g^-1)	0.869 ± 0.01^a	0.665 ± 0.01^b	0.276± 0.01^c

Samples	Power Law model			Herschell-Buckley model
	K (Pa.sⁿ)	n	R²	σ₀	K (Pa.sⁿ)	n	R²
Skimmed goat milk	0.003 ± 0.003^ab	0.920 ± 0.029^b	0.955	0.012 ± 0.002^c	0.003 ± 0.001^ab	0.927 ± 0.031^b	0.955
Retentate	0.005 ± 0.001ª	0.922 ± 0.002^b	0.968	0.047 ± 0.001^b	0.004 ± 0.001^a	0.946 ± 0.015^b	0.965
Permeate	0.002 ± 0.001^b	0.976 ± 0.003^a	0.850	0.092 ± 0.001^a	0.001 ± 0.001^b	1.006 ± 0.012^a	0.851

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[1] *Corresponding author: elane.prudencio@ufsc.br