Abstract
This study explored effects of microbial preparation (MIP, developed by our research team) on production performance and body health of Boer goat to reveal the function of it in goat breeding industry. Compound yeast and enzyme preparation (CYP) was used to compare the function of MIP. Healthy male Boer goats (n = 15, BW = 25.31±4.06 kg) were allocated randomly into three groups as NC (Basal diet), MI (Basal diet + MIP) and CY (Basal diet + CYP). This study lasted for 71 days including 15 days for adaptation and 56 days for growth trial. Both MIP and CYP enhanced production performance such as average daily gain of goats, MIP enhanced the level of fat synthesis such as total cholesterol level significantly on day 28. As for rumen fermentation and microbial communities of goat, MIP decreased rumen pH. PCoA analysis showed that the rumen bacterial community on day 28 was significantly separated. In conclusion, MIP increased production performance, ameliorating rumen fermentation and shifting microflora. Our findings provide the evidence for the influence of probiotics on goat production performance as well as health condition.
Keywords:
probiotic preparation; production performance; rumen fermentation; rumen microflora; goat
1 Introduction
Antibiotics make it possible to control many diseases and improve livestock’s growth performance in animal husbandry (Zamojska et al., 2021Zamojska, D., Nowak, A., Nowak, I., & Macierzyńska-Piotrowska, E. (2021). Probiotics and postbiotics as substitutes of antibiotics in farm animals: a review. Animals, 11(12), 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123431. PMid:34944208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123431...
). Nevertheless, overusing antibiotics leads to microbiological, ecological, and environmental harm (Gemeda et al., 2020Gemeda, B. A., Amenu, K., Magnusson, U., Dohoo, I., Hallenberg, G. S., Alemayehu, G., Desta, H., & Wieland, B. (2020). Antimicrobial use in extensive smallholder livestock farming systems in ethiopia: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of livestock keepers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00055. PMid:32175334.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.000...
). Furthermore, the residual antibiotics will enter the human body and harm health (Faber et al., 2016Faber, F., Tran, L., Byndloss, M. X., Lopez, C. A., Velazquez, E. M., Kerrinnes, T., Nuccio, S. P., Wangdi, T., Fiehn, O., Tsolis, R. M., & Baumler, A. J. (2016). Host-mediated sugar oxidation promotes post-antibiotic pathogen expansion. Nature, 534(7609), 697-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18597. PMid:27309805.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18597...
). Thus, banning the use of antibiotics is the general trend. In 2006, the European Union started to ban the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry to enhance animals’ growth performance (Jouany & Morgavi, 2007Jouany, J. P., & Morgavi, D. P. (2007). Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal, 1(10), 1443-1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107000742. PMid:22444918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107000...
), and China completely banned it in 2020.
Seeking a substitution to increase growth performance and ensure the health of livestock is considerably crucial (Amin & Mao, 2021Amin, A. B., & Mao, S. (2021). Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: a review. Animal Nutrition, 7(1), 31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005. PMid:33997329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.1...
). Probiotics have the potential to play an important role in this process, which are considered as good alternative products because of non-hazardous, non-polluting, non-residual and non-side-effect (Alayande et al., 2020Alayande, K. A., Aiyegoro, O. A., & Ateba, C. N. (2020). Probiotics in animal husbandry: applicability and associated risk factors. Sustainability, 12(3), 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031087.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031087...
). Probiotic preparations are the screened microorganisms from the natural environment, then isolating probiotics or probiotic growth-promoting substances that are conducive to the host and performing culture and subculture to develop live probiotics preparations (Salminen et al., 1999Salminen, S., Ouwehand, A., Benno, Y., & Lee, Y. K. (1999). Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends in Food Science & Technology, 10(3), 107-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00027-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)...
). Probiotics play very important role in mammals’ health such as improving immunity and antioxidant capacity to prevent disease. The exopolysaccharides (EPSs)-producing L. plantarum YW 11 has potent immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. EPS prevented HT-29 tumor cells induced acute liver and kidney damages significantly, and promoting secretion of cytokines IL-2 and TNF-α in mice (Zhang et al., 2022Zhang, M., Wang, J., & Yang, Z. (2022). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of the exopolysaccharide produced by potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 in a HT-29 tumor-burdened nude mouse model. Food Science and Technology, 42, e57822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.57822.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.57822...
). Lactobacillus plantarum SCS2 obviously protected against AFB1-induced oxidative stress. Thus, L. plantarum SCS2 is a high-quality lactic acid bacterium with antioxidant function that has the potential development of probiotic products (Long et al., 2022Long, L., Meng, X., Sun, J., Jing, L., Chen, D., & Yu, R. (2022). Ameliorated effect of Lactobacillus plantarum SCS2 on the oxidative stress in HepG2 cells induced by AFB1. Food Science and Technology, 42, e16522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.16522.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.16522...
). Saccharomyces cerevisiae species screened from industrial effluents have the potential to produce Zn-enriched single cell protein that could be considered to apply to food and feed industry (Forough et al., 2022Forough, S., Kumarss, A., Azam, H., & Mohaddeseh, L. (2022). Application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from industrial effluent for zinc biosorption and zinc-enriched SCP production for human and animal. Food Science and Technology, 42, e82021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.82021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.82021...
).
Adequate intake of probiotics can benefit goats’ growth performance and health condition (Angulo et al., 2019Angulo, M., Reyes-Becerril, M., Cepeda-Palacios, R., Tovar-Ramírez, D., Esteban, M. Á., & Angulo, C. (2019). Probiotic effects of marine Debaryomyces hansenii CBS 8339 on innate immune and antioxidant parameters in newborn goats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103(5), 2339-2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09621-5. PMid:30656393.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-096...
; Taboada et al., 2022Taboada, N., Fernández Salom, M., Córdoba, A., González, S. N., López Alzogaray, S., & van Nieuwenhove, C. (2022). Administration of selected probiotic mixture improves body weight gain and meat fatty acid composition of Creole goats. Food Bioscience, 49, 101836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.10...
). Cai et al. (2021a, bCai, L., Hartanto, R., Zhang, J., & Qi, D. (2021a). Clostridium butyricum improves rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats in vitro and in vivo. Animals, 11(11), 3261-3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261. PMid:34827993.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261...
) showed that the supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum and the combination of them could ameliorate rumen fermentation and enhance growth performance of heat-stressed goats (Cai et al., 2021aCai, L., Hartanto, R., Zhang, J., & Qi, D. (2021a). Clostridium butyricum improves rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats in vitro and in vivo. Animals, 11(11), 3261-3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261. PMid:34827993.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261...
, bCai, L., Yu, J., Hartanto, R., & Qi, D. (2021b). Dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum and their combination ameliorate rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats. Animals, 11(7), 2116-2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072116. PMid:34359244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072116...
). Saleem et al. (2017)Saleem, A. M., Zanouny, A. I., & Singer, A. M. (2017). Growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and blood metabolites of lambs fed diets supplemented with probiotics during pre- and post-weaning period. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(4), 523-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691. PMid:28002935.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691...
observed lambs that received probiotics treatment shown better growth performance, higher dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and nutrients digestibility (Saleem et al., 2017Saleem, A. M., Zanouny, A. I., & Singer, A. M. (2017). Growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and blood metabolites of lambs fed diets supplemented with probiotics during pre- and post-weaning period. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(4), 523-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691. PMid:28002935.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691...
). Previous studies had proved that MIP could enhance production performance in both goats and sheep, meanwhile, shift rumen microflora and ameliorate rumen fermentation (Chaucheyras-Durand et al., 2019Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Ameilbonne, A., Auffret, P., Bernard, M., Mialon, M. M., Dunière, L., & Forano, E. (2019). Supplementation of live yeast based feed additive in early life promotes rumen microbial colonization and fibrolytic potential in lambs. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 19216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55825-0. PMid:31844130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-558...
; Hassan et al., 2020Hassan, A., Gado, H., Anele, U. Y., Berasain, M. A. M., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2020). Influence of dietary probiotic inclusion on growth performance, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation activities and methane production in growing lambs. Animal Biotechnology, 31(4), 365-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2019.1604380. PMid:31006376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2019....
). Microorganisms need sources of carbon and nitrogen as nutrients for growth, the chyme in the rumen contained enough fiber and protein supply the essential nutrients for probiotics. Rumen also meet the other requirements for probiotic growth, such as appropriate pH and temperature (Kareena et al., 2021Kareena, A., Siripongvutikorn, S., Usawakesmanee, W., & Wichienchot, S. (2021). In vitro evaluation of probiotic bacteria and yeast growth, pH changes and metabolites produced in a pure culture system using protein base products with various added carbon sources. Food Science and Technology, 42, e18321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.18321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.18321...
). Ruminal microbiota and ruminant have a mutualistic relationship, microbiota helps the host digest and absorb food to provide energy and small molecule nutrients for the host (Guo et al., 2021Guo, H., Zhou, G., Tian, G., Liu, Y., Dong, N., Li, L., Zhang, S., Chai, H., Chen, Y., & Yang, Y. (2021). Changes in rumen microbiota affect metabolites, immune responses and antioxidant enzyme activities of sheep under cold stimulation. Animals, 11(3), 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030712. PMid:33807979.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030712...
). Overall, probiotic plays an important role in rumen fermentation, rumen microflora, growth performance and health of ruminants. We hypothesized that MIP could improve growth performance, optimize rumen fermentation of goat. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate how would MIP affect growth performance, health condition such as serum parameter, and rumen microflora.
2 Materials and methods
This study was conducted at Boer Goat Breeding Center (Shaanxi province, China) from June to September, 2020, which lasted for 71 days including 15 days for adaptation and 56 days for growth trial. The experiment was reviewed and approved by Northwest A&F University’s Experimental Animal Management Committee (EAMC) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, China) (Protocol NWAFAC1119).
2.1 Animals, diets and experimental design
Fifteen healthy 4-month Boer goats with initial BW of 25.31 ± 4.06 kg were assigned randomly into 3 groups (NC, MI and CY group, n = 5 for each group). All goats were fed basal diet shown in Table 1, goats in NC group were fed with basal diet without probiotic preparation, MI group was offered MIP 60 g/goat/day that was developed by our research team and First-feed Co., Ltd (Shaanxi, China). CY group was fed CYP 20 g/goat/day, a mature probiotic product that was developed by VTR + Bio-Tech Co., Ltd (Guangdong, China).
2.2 Feeding and management
Basal diet was formulated according to National Research Council feeding standards and feeding standard of meat-producing sheep and goats (NY/T 816-2004). Goats were fed twice each day at 8 am and 6 pm, all the animals were provided accesses to feed and water ad libitum. The ratio of concentrate to roughage in basal diet is 4: 6.
2.3 Sample collection and preparation
Rumen fluid samples were collected by oral intubation method from each goat on day 28 and day 56 during growth trial period, pH was measured, samples were filtered through 4 layers of gauze, then the liquid portion were collected. Subsequently, samples were homogenized and divided into 3 aliquots. The first aliquot was placed in a 5 mL cryotube and immediately placed in liquid nitrogen for subsequent microbial genomic DNA extraction and analysis. As for the second aliquot, the samples were centrifuged at 12 000 r/m for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was stored at -20 °C to determine the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The third aliquot was for backup. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein, 10 mL for each goat, centrifuged with 3000 r/min for 15 min to collect serum for the later measurement (stored at -80°C, measurement for serum parameters was shown at 2.5).
2.4 Feed proximate analyses
Dry matter (DM, method 934.01), crude fiber (CF, method 978.10), ash (method 942.05), crude protein (CP, method 989.03), ether extract (EE, method 920.39), calcium (Ca, method 927.02), total phosphorous (total P, method 964.06) was measured in accord with Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995)Association of Official Analytical Chemists - AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Chemists. Arlington: AOAC..
2.5 Measurement for serum parameters
The content of glucose (GLU), urea (UREA), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA), beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured by colorimetry. The kits were purchased from Sino-UK Institute of Biological Technology (Beijing, China).
2.6 Bioinformatics analyses
The microbial DNA extraction was carried out using the E.Z.N.A.® soil DNA kit (Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA, U.S.). Nucleic acid quantifier NanoDrop2000 (Life Technologies,109 Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to determine the concentration and purity of the extracted DNA, while its quality was assessed using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA samples that meet the requirements were subjected to MiSeq sequencing. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene universal primers 338F (5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3') and 806R (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3') were used to amplify the original sequence. Pooled the PCR products with equal molar amounts from different samples. Sequencing libraries were generated using NEXTFLEX® Rapid DNA-Seq Kit. Used fastp software to control quality of raw sequences, and used FLASH software for splicing. Processed the DADA2 plug-in in the QIIME2 process to denoise the optimized sequence after quality control. Sequences after DADA2 denoising are often referred to as ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variants). Follow-up data analysis was performed using the free online platform of Majorbio Cloud Platform (Majorbio , 2022Majorbio. (2022). Majorbio Cloud Platform. Retrieved from www.majorbio.com) from Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
2.7 Statistical analyses
Finished preliminary collation of data through EXCEL, the results were processed using R (Version 4.1.3, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) via one-way ANOVA. The normality of the data was checked with “qqPlot” function in “car” package and the homogeneity of variance was checked by the “bartlett. test” function in “stat” package. “aov” function was subjected to perform ANOVA, used “Duncan. test” function in “agricolae” package to perform hoc comparison. All the results were presented as “mean & SEM” and the criterion for significant difference is “P < 0.05”.
3 Results
3.1 Production performance & serum parameters
Effect of MIP on production performance and serum biochemistry indexes were given at Table 2 & 3, respectively. MIP and CYP increased ADG compare to NC group (P = 0.407) (Table 2).
Both MIP and CYP increased the level of GLU compared to NC group on day 28 (P = 0.128) and day 56 (P = 0.446); the level of TC in MI group were higher than CY and NC group, and there was significant difference between three groups on day 28 (P = 0.049); MIP enhanced TG level compared to NC and CY group on day 56 (P = 0.555); Concerning the level of UREA, MIP had the lowest level on day 56 (P = 0.565); two kinds of preparations had little effect on AcCoA and BHBA level and no significant difference was observed (P > 0.05). As for the effect of MIP on goat antioxidant parameter, MIP enhanced antioxidant indexes on day 28 and day 56, CYP increased them on day 28, nevertheless, CYP had a completely opposite effect on day 56 (Table 3).
3.2 Rumen fermentation
The pH and VFA are the main indexes of rumen fermentation (Table 4). MIP decreased the pH, CYP increased the pH compared to NC group. There was a significant difference of pH between MI group and CY group on day 28 (P < 0.05); the pH on day 56 was not affected significantly by treatment (P = 0.110). Both CY group and MI group had a higher TVFA level than NC group on day 28 (P = 0.844) and day 56 (P = 0.408). There was no significant difference of each kind of VFAs between three groups (P > 0.05). As for acetic acid, MI and CY group had higher level than NC group on day 28 (P = 0.975) and day 56 (P = 0.318); propionic acid had the same trend with acetic acid; concerning the result of butyric acid, MIP and CYP made it higher on day 28 (P = 0.147); MIP made it lower, meanwhile CYP had the reverse result on day 56 (P = 0.770). As the results of isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid, they had the similar trend with butyrate (Table 4).
3.3 Rumen microflora
In the rumen fluid samples, 20 phyla, 36 classes, 84 orders, 138 families, 280 genera, 585 species, 6657 ASVs were found. Rarefaction curve was given at Figure 1. As the number of reads sampled increased, the rarefaction curve that based on sobs was nearly asymptotic, which supported that the amount of sequencing data was sufficient (Figures 1A and 1B).
Rarefaction curve of rumen bacterial communities based on the 16S RNA gene sequences on 28 d (A) and 56 d (B).
Effect of different probiotics preparations on alpha biodiversity of rumen microbial community was shown at Table 5. No significant difference was observed among three groups (P > 0.05). With regards to Sobs, both MI and CY group had higher value than NC group on day 28 (P = 0.212) and day 56 (P = 0.953), the trend of Ace and Chao 1 level was same as Sobs. As for the change of Shannon and Shannoneven, both MI and CY had the higher value than NC group among which MI had the highest level on day 28 and day 56 (Table 5). Performed PCoA analysis to represent Beta biodiversity of rumen microbial community in different groups (Figure 2). Combination the analysis of ANOSIM, there was a significant separation of rumen microflora between three groups (R = 0.2378, P = 0.013) on day 28 (Figure 2A).
4 Discussion
4.1 Production performance & serum parameter
Blood glucose provides energy for animal organs, tissues and cells of animals that is the main source of energy (Chanjula et al., 2014Chanjula, P., Pakdeechanuan, P., & Wattanasit, S. (2014). Effects of dietary crude glycerin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and nitrogen balance of goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(3), 365-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13494. PMid:25049963.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.1349...
). It can also be used to synthesize hepatic glycogen, fat, amino acids and other substances. There are two sources of glucose in the blood, one is the absorption of carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract, and the other is the decomposition of hepatic glycogen (Bedford et al., 2020Bedford, A., Beckett, L., Harthan, L., Wang, C., Jiang, N., Schramm, H., Guan, L., Daniels, K. M., Hanigan, M. D., & White, R. R. (2020). Ruminal volatile fatty acid absorption is affected by elevated ambient temperature. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 13092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69915-x. PMid:32753682.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-699...
). In current work, MIP enhanced the level of serum glucose that was consistent with previous studies (Liu et al., 2022Liu, S., Shah, A. M., Yuan, M., Kang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xue, B., Zou, H., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Wang, H., Tian, G., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of dry yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, slaughter performance and microbial communities in beef cattle. Animal Biotechnology, 33(6), 1150-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1878204. PMid:33530818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021....
; Ma et al., 2021Ma, J., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Cao, G., Hu, R., Wang, X., Zou, H., Kang, K., Peng, Q., Xue, B., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2021). Active dry yeast supplementation improves the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune response of weaned beef calves. Animal Nutrition, 7(4), 1352-1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.006. PMid:34786508.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.0...
). MIP increased TC and TG level in blood better contrast to CYP, based on Liu et al. (2022)Liu, S., Shah, A. M., Yuan, M., Kang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xue, B., Zou, H., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Wang, H., Tian, G., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of dry yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, slaughter performance and microbial communities in beef cattle. Animal Biotechnology, 33(6), 1150-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1878204. PMid:33530818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021....
study, the result of TC was similar, nonetheless, the result of TG was opposite (Liu et al., 2022Liu, S., Shah, A. M., Yuan, M., Kang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xue, B., Zou, H., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Wang, H., Tian, G., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of dry yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, slaughter performance and microbial communities in beef cattle. Animal Biotechnology, 33(6), 1150-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1878204. PMid:33530818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021....
). UREA can accurately reflect the protein metabolism and to a certain extent reflect kidney function (Schmidely & Bahloul, 2022Schmidely, P., & Bahloul, L. (2022). Milk performance and oxidative status responses to rumen protected methionine supplementation in genotyped α-S1 casein lactating dairy goats fed two levels of metabolizable protein diets. Small Ruminant Research, 209, 106638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres....
). When the host intakes excessive protein, the unutilized protein will eventually be metabolized into nitrogen, resulting the waste of dietary nutrients. As the body is in a negative nitrogen balance, it will aggravate the decomposition of protein and amino acids, causing higher urea nitrogen content in blood (Zhang et al., 2020Zhang, J., Li, W., Ying, Z., Zhao, D., Yi, G., Li, H., & Liu, X. (2020). Soybean protein-derived peptide nutriment increases negative nitrogen balance in burn injury-induced inflammatory stress response in aged rats through the modulation of white blood cells and immune factors. Food & Nutrition Research, 64(0), 3677. http://dx.doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v64.3677. PMid:32694965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v64.3677...
). In our study, MIP and CYP made UREA higher on day 28 contrast to NC group, as the trial progressed to day 56, MI and CY group had the lower level of UREA than NC group, among which MIP had the better effect, this is consistent with past research (Liu et al., 2022Liu, S., Shah, A. M., Yuan, M., Kang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xue, B., Zou, H., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Wang, H., Tian, G., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of dry yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, slaughter performance and microbial communities in beef cattle. Animal Biotechnology, 33(6), 1150-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1878204. PMid:33530818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021....
). AcCoA is an indispensable precursor for fatty acids synthesis, which is a key factor in energy metabolism (Metallo et al., 2011Metallo, C. M., Gameiro, P. A., Bell, E. L., Mattaini, K. R., Yang, J., Hiller, K., Jewell, C. M., Johnson, Z. R., Irvine, D., Guarente, L., Kelleher, J. K., Vander Heiden, M. G., Iliopoulos, O., & Stephanopoulos, G. (2011). Reductive glutamine metabolism by IDH1 mediates lipogenesis under hypoxia. Nature, 481(7381), 380-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10602. PMid:22101433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10602...
; Sofeo et al., 2019Sofeo, N., Hart, J. H., Butler, B., Oliver, D. J., Yandeau-Nelson, M. D., & Nikolau, B. J. (2019). Altering the substrate specificity of acetyl-CoA synthetase by rational mutagenesis of the carboxylate binding pocket. ACS Synthetic Biology, 8(6), 1325-1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00008. PMid:31117358.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00...
). BHBA is produced by the oxidation of butyric acid in rumen epithelial cells, BHBA, as a biomarker, is considered to act an indispensable role in the development of rumen epithelium metabolic functions (Elolimy et al., 2018Elolimy, A. A., Abdelmegeid, M. K., McCann, J. C., Shike, D. W., & Loor, J. J. (2018). Residual feed intake in beef cattle and its association with carcass traits, ruminal solid-fraction bacteria, and epithelium gene expression. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 9(1), 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0283-8. PMid:30258628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-028...
; Abdelsattar et al., 2022Abdelsattar, M. M., Vargas-Bello-Pérez, E., Zhuang, Y., Fu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2022). Impact of dietary supplementation of β-hydroxybutyric acid on performance, nutrient digestibility, organ development and serum stress indicators in early-weaned goat kids. Animal Nutrition, 9, 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.003. PMid:35949983.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.1...
).
Concerning to the antioxidant capacity. T-AOC is a comprehensive indicator reflecting the functional status of antioxidant system (Mao et al., 2019Mao, C., Xu, Y., Shi, L., Guo, S., Jin, X., Yan, S., & Shi, B. (2019). Effects of photoperiod change on melatonin secretion, immune function and antioxidant status of cashmere goats. Animals, 9(10), 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100766. PMid:31590427.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100766...
). SOD can catalyze the disproportionation reaction of superoxide ion free radicals, removing harmful substances such as free radicals generated by animal metabolism, which is an important symbol reflecting the antioxidant capacity of animals (Giorgio et al., 2020Giorgio, D., Di Trana, A., Di Gregorio, P., Rando, A., Avondo, M., Bonanno, A., Valenti, B., & Di Grigoli, A. (2020). Oxidative status of goats with different CSN1S1 genotypes fed ad libitum with fresh and dry forages. Antioxidants, 9(3), 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030224. PMid:32182905.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030224...
). MDA can attach polyunsaturated acids in biological membranes, which destroy the integrity of the cell membrane, consequently causing lipid peroxidation. Therefore, MDA content is an index reflecting lipid peroxidation in the body (Angrimani et al., 2019Angrimani, D. S., Silva, R. O. C., Losano, J. D. D. A., Dalmazzo, A., Tsunoda, R. H., Perez, E. G. D. A., Góes, P. A. D. A., Barnabe, V. H., & Nichi, M. (2019). Extender supplementation with antioxidants selected after the evaluation of sperm susceptibility to oxidative challenges in goats. Animal Biotechnology, 30(1), 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2018.1423992. PMid:29382256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2018....
). Compare to CYP, MIP increased the antioxidant capacity, having positive effect on goats’ body health (Jia et al., 2018Jia, P., Cui, K., Ma, T., Wan, F., Wang, W., Yang, D., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Zhao, L., & Diao, Q. (2018). Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as alternatives to monensin on growth performance, antioxidant, immunity, ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity of fattening lambs. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 16712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35081-4. PMid:30420720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-350...
).
4.2 Rumen fermentation
The pH of rumen fluid is mainly determined by the content and ratio of rumen VFA, rumen VFAs are produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and are absorbed, utilized by animals as a source of energy (Del Bianco Benedeti et al., 2018Del Bianco Benedeti, P., Detmann, E., Mantovani, H. C., Bonilha, S. F. M., Serão, N. V. L., Lopes, D. R. G., Silva, W., Newbold, C. J., & Duarte, M. S. (2018). Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) with high residual feed intake have increased the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in rumen epithelium. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 235, 77-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2...
; Gleason et al., 2022Gleason, C. B., Beckett, L. M., & White, R. R. (2022). Rumen fermentation and epithelial gene expression responses to diet ingredients designed to differ in ruminally degradable protein and fiber supplies. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06890-5. PMid:35190602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-068...
). pH is a key detector for ruminant health such as it could be indicator for subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) (Mensching et al., 2020Mensching, A., Bünemann, K., Meyer, U., von Soosten, D., Hummel, J., Schmitt, A. O., Sharifi, A. R., & Dänicke, S. (2020). Modeling reticular and ventral ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows using ingestion and rumination behavior. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(8), 7260-7275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18195. PMid:32534915.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18195...
). The normal range for rumen fluid is 5.50 to 7.50, too high pH will affect the absorption of VFA by the rumen epithelium, while too low pH is not conducive to the feed fermentation in the rumen (Padilla, 2022Padilla, L. (2022). Impact of pH and palmitic acid on ruminal fermentation and microbial community composition. Logan: Utah State University.). Similar result to Deng et al. (2018)Deng, K., Xiao, Y., Ma, T., Tu, Y., Diao, Q., Chen, Y., & Jiang, J. (2018). Ruminal fermentation, nutrient metabolism, and methane emissions of sheep in response to dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 241, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2...
research, we found MIP decreased the rumen pH, however, Chang et al. (2021)Chang, M., Ma, F., Wei, J., Liu, J., Nan, X., & Sun, P. (2021). Live Bacillus subtilis natto promotes rumen fermentation by modulating rumen microbiota in vitro. Animals, 11(6), 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519. PMid:34073661.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519...
research result was quite the opposite (Deng et al., 2018Deng, K., Xiao, Y., Ma, T., Tu, Y., Diao, Q., Chen, Y., & Jiang, J. (2018). Ruminal fermentation, nutrient metabolism, and methane emissions of sheep in response to dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 241, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2...
; Chang et al., 2021Chang, M., Ma, F., Wei, J., Liu, J., Nan, X., & Sun, P. (2021). Live Bacillus subtilis natto promotes rumen fermentation by modulating rumen microbiota in vitro. Animals, 11(6), 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519. PMid:34073661.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519...
), the addition of yeast cultures to high-concentration diet could enhance the pH value of rumen fluid and his result was consistent with Thrune et al. (2009)Thrune, M., Bach, A., Ruiz-Moreno, M., Stern, M. D., & Linn, J. G. (2009). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal pH and microbial fermentation in dairy cows: yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation. Livestock Science, 124(1), 261-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009....
and Dias et al. (2018)Dias, A. L. G., Freitas, J. A., Micai, B., Azevedo, R. A., Greco, L. F., & Santos, J. E. P. (2018). Effect of supplemental yeast culture and dietary starch content on rumen fermentation and digestion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(1), 201-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13241. PMid:29103715.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13241...
works (Thrune et al., 2009Thrune, M., Bach, A., Ruiz-Moreno, M., Stern, M. D., & Linn, J. G. (2009). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal pH and microbial fermentation in dairy cows: yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation. Livestock Science, 124(1), 261-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009....
; Dias et al., 2018Dias, A. L. G., Freitas, J. A., Micai, B., Azevedo, R. A., Greco, L. F., & Santos, J. E. P. (2018). Effect of supplemental yeast culture and dietary starch content on rumen fermentation and digestion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(1), 201-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13241. PMid:29103715.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13241...
).
4.3 Rumen microflora
Alpha diversity is subjected to investigate the community diversity within the samples. Sobs, chao, ace are the marks of community richness, these indexes in treatment group were higher than NC group that meant probiotic made community richness higher. Shannon index could reflect community diversity. Shannoneven is a symbol of community evenness, coverage could reflect the community coverage within the samples. In this work, MIP increased the rumen microbial richness, diversity that was consistent to Jia et al. (2018)Jia, P., Cui, K., Ma, T., Wan, F., Wang, W., Yang, D., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Zhao, L., & Diao, Q. (2018). Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as alternatives to monensin on growth performance, antioxidant, immunity, ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity of fattening lambs. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 16712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35081-4. PMid:30420720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-350...
study. Metagenomics has enabled the discovery of a large number of unculturable microorganisms, as well as more new functional genes or new genomes, greatly enhancing our understanding of the composition of their microbial communities. Biçer et al. (2021)Biçer, Y., Telli, A. E., Sönmez, G., Turkal, G., Telli, N., & Uçar, G. (2021). Comparison of commercial and traditional kefir microbiota using metagenomic analysis. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(3), 528-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1278...
performed the comparison of commercial and traditional kefir microbiota using metagenomic analysis, proving the latter has higher microbial diversity compared to former (Biçer et al., 2021Biçer, Y., Telli, A. E., Sönmez, G., Turkal, G., Telli, N., & Uçar, G. (2021). Comparison of commercial and traditional kefir microbiota using metagenomic analysis. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(3), 528-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1278...
). As for the microflora, Krokmach possesses specific and distinctive characteristics, therefore, Dimov (2022)Dimov, S. G. (2022). The unusual microbiota of the traditional Bulgarian dairy product Krokmach - A pilot metagenomics study. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 75(1), 139-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12809.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1280...
conducted the study about analyzing the unusual microbiota of the traditional Bulgarian dairy product Krokmach via metagenomics study. The result demonstrated microbiota’s composition was quite specific at species level---high content of Exiguobacterium (Dimov, 2022Dimov, S. G. (2022). The unusual microbiota of the traditional Bulgarian dairy product Krokmach - A pilot metagenomics study. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 75(1), 139-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12809.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1280...
). Méndez-Romero et al. (2021)Méndez-Romero, J. I., Reyes-Díaz, R., Santiago-López, L., Hernández-Mendoza, A., Vallejo-Cordoba, B., Sayago-Ayerdi, S. G., Gómez-Gil, B., & González-Córdova, A. F. (2021). Artisanal Fresco cheese from Sonora: Physicochemical composition, microbial quality, and bacterial characterization by high-throughput sequencing. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(2), 359-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1275...
characterized the physicochemical and the microbiota composition of the artisanal Fresco cheese from Sonora, the result for characterization of microbiota illustrated more of 80 genera, of which the LAB as Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc were the most abundant may be considering for future items (Méndez-Romero et al., 2021Méndez-Romero, J. I., Reyes-Díaz, R., Santiago-López, L., Hernández-Mendoza, A., Vallejo-Cordoba, B., Sayago-Ayerdi, S. G., Gómez-Gil, B., & González-Córdova, A. F. (2021). Artisanal Fresco cheese from Sonora: Physicochemical composition, microbial quality, and bacterial characterization by high-throughput sequencing. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(2), 359-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.1275...
). Based on these research, the high-throughput sequencing provides the access for us to identify the bacterial diversity deeply, supplying the standard for food quality control and safe consumption as well.
5 Conclusions
Goats received MIP treatments showed higher production performance. Both MIP and CYP enhanced level of serum parameters such as glucose, lipid metabolism and some other biochemical indexes, among which MIP performed better. MIP could enhance richness, diversity and evenness of rumen microflora, which meant probiotics preparations probably ameliorate rumen fermentation status and shift rumen microbial community.
-
Practical Application: A new probiotic product for improving goats’ production performance as well as body health.
-
Availability of data and material
All the datasets used and/or analyzed in this current work are available from 1-st author (Kaixin Yuan). The sequence data related to microbial community had been published on NCBI SRA (Accession: PRJNA863373). -
Funding
This research was supported by [National Key R&D Program of China] under grant [2021YFD1600704, 2018YFD0501905], [China Agriculture Research System] under grant [CARS-39-12] and [the Key Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province, China] under grant [2021ZDLNY05-02].
References
- Abdelsattar, M. M., Vargas-Bello-Pérez, E., Zhuang, Y., Fu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2022). Impact of dietary supplementation of β-hydroxybutyric acid on performance, nutrient digestibility, organ development and serum stress indicators in early-weaned goat kids. Animal Nutrition, 9, 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.003 PMid:35949983.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.003 - Alayande, K. A., Aiyegoro, O. A., & Ateba, C. N. (2020). Probiotics in animal husbandry: applicability and associated risk factors. Sustainability, 12(3), 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031087
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031087 - Amin, A. B., & Mao, S. (2021). Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: a review. Animal Nutrition, 7(1), 31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005 PMid:33997329.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005 - Angrimani, D. S., Silva, R. O. C., Losano, J. D. D. A., Dalmazzo, A., Tsunoda, R. H., Perez, E. G. D. A., Góes, P. A. D. A., Barnabe, V. H., & Nichi, M. (2019). Extender supplementation with antioxidants selected after the evaluation of sperm susceptibility to oxidative challenges in goats. Animal Biotechnology, 30(1), 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2018.1423992 PMid:29382256.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2018.1423992 - Angulo, M., Reyes-Becerril, M., Cepeda-Palacios, R., Tovar-Ramírez, D., Esteban, M. Á., & Angulo, C. (2019). Probiotic effects of marine Debaryomyces hansenii CBS 8339 on innate immune and antioxidant parameters in newborn goats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103(5), 2339-2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09621-5 PMid:30656393.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09621-5 - Association of Official Analytical Chemists - AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Chemists Arlington: AOAC.
- Bedford, A., Beckett, L., Harthan, L., Wang, C., Jiang, N., Schramm, H., Guan, L., Daniels, K. M., Hanigan, M. D., & White, R. R. (2020). Ruminal volatile fatty acid absorption is affected by elevated ambient temperature. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 13092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69915-x PMid:32753682.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69915-x - Biçer, Y., Telli, A. E., Sönmez, G., Turkal, G., Telli, N., & Uçar, G. (2021). Comparison of commercial and traditional kefir microbiota using metagenomic analysis. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(3), 528-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12789
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12789 - Cai, L., Hartanto, R., Zhang, J., & Qi, D. (2021a). Clostridium butyricum improves rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats in vitro and in vivo. Animals, 11(11), 3261-3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261 PMid:34827993.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113261 - Cai, L., Yu, J., Hartanto, R., & Qi, D. (2021b). Dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum and their combination ameliorate rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats. Animals, 11(7), 2116-2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072116 PMid:34359244.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072116 - Chang, M., Ma, F., Wei, J., Liu, J., Nan, X., & Sun, P. (2021). Live Bacillus subtilis natto promotes rumen fermentation by modulating rumen microbiota in vitro. Animals, 11(6), 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519 PMid:34073661.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519 - Chanjula, P., Pakdeechanuan, P., & Wattanasit, S. (2014). Effects of dietary crude glycerin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and nitrogen balance of goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(3), 365-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13494 PMid:25049963.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13494 - Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Ameilbonne, A., Auffret, P., Bernard, M., Mialon, M. M., Dunière, L., & Forano, E. (2019). Supplementation of live yeast based feed additive in early life promotes rumen microbial colonization and fibrolytic potential in lambs. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 19216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55825-0 PMid:31844130.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55825-0 - Del Bianco Benedeti, P., Detmann, E., Mantovani, H. C., Bonilha, S. F. M., Serão, N. V. L., Lopes, D. R. G., Silva, W., Newbold, C. J., & Duarte, M. S. (2018). Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) with high residual feed intake have increased the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in rumen epithelium. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 235, 77-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.002
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.002 - Deng, K., Xiao, Y., Ma, T., Tu, Y., Diao, Q., Chen, Y., & Jiang, J. (2018). Ruminal fermentation, nutrient metabolism, and methane emissions of sheep in response to dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 241, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.014
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.014 - Dias, A. L. G., Freitas, J. A., Micai, B., Azevedo, R. A., Greco, L. F., & Santos, J. E. P. (2018). Effect of supplemental yeast culture and dietary starch content on rumen fermentation and digestion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(1), 201-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13241 PMid:29103715.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13241 - Dimov, S. G. (2022). The unusual microbiota of the traditional Bulgarian dairy product Krokmach - A pilot metagenomics study. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 75(1), 139-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12809
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12809 - Elolimy, A. A., Abdelmegeid, M. K., McCann, J. C., Shike, D. W., & Loor, J. J. (2018). Residual feed intake in beef cattle and its association with carcass traits, ruminal solid-fraction bacteria, and epithelium gene expression. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 9(1), 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0283-8 PMid:30258628.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0283-8 - Faber, F., Tran, L., Byndloss, M. X., Lopez, C. A., Velazquez, E. M., Kerrinnes, T., Nuccio, S. P., Wangdi, T., Fiehn, O., Tsolis, R. M., & Baumler, A. J. (2016). Host-mediated sugar oxidation promotes post-antibiotic pathogen expansion. Nature, 534(7609), 697-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18597 PMid:27309805.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18597 - Forough, S., Kumarss, A., Azam, H., & Mohaddeseh, L. (2022). Application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from industrial effluent for zinc biosorption and zinc-enriched SCP production for human and animal. Food Science and Technology, 42, e82021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.82021
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.82021 - Gemeda, B. A., Amenu, K., Magnusson, U., Dohoo, I., Hallenberg, G. S., Alemayehu, G., Desta, H., & Wieland, B. (2020). Antimicrobial use in extensive smallholder livestock farming systems in ethiopia: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of livestock keepers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00055 PMid:32175334.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00055 - Giorgio, D., Di Trana, A., Di Gregorio, P., Rando, A., Avondo, M., Bonanno, A., Valenti, B., & Di Grigoli, A. (2020). Oxidative status of goats with different CSN1S1 genotypes fed ad libitum with fresh and dry forages. Antioxidants, 9(3), 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030224 PMid:32182905.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030224 - Gleason, C. B., Beckett, L. M., & White, R. R. (2022). Rumen fermentation and epithelial gene expression responses to diet ingredients designed to differ in ruminally degradable protein and fiber supplies. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06890-5 PMid:35190602.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06890-5 - Guo, H., Zhou, G., Tian, G., Liu, Y., Dong, N., Li, L., Zhang, S., Chai, H., Chen, Y., & Yang, Y. (2021). Changes in rumen microbiota affect metabolites, immune responses and antioxidant enzyme activities of sheep under cold stimulation. Animals, 11(3), 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030712 PMid:33807979.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030712 - Hassan, A., Gado, H., Anele, U. Y., Berasain, M. A. M., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2020). Influence of dietary probiotic inclusion on growth performance, nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation activities and methane production in growing lambs. Animal Biotechnology, 31(4), 365-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2019.1604380 PMid:31006376.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2019.1604380 - Jia, P., Cui, K., Ma, T., Wan, F., Wang, W., Yang, D., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Zhao, L., & Diao, Q. (2018). Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as alternatives to monensin on growth performance, antioxidant, immunity, ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity of fattening lambs. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 16712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35081-4 PMid:30420720.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35081-4 - Jouany, J. P., & Morgavi, D. P. (2007). Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal, 1(10), 1443-1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107000742 PMid:22444918.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107000742 - Kareena, A., Siripongvutikorn, S., Usawakesmanee, W., & Wichienchot, S. (2021). In vitro evaluation of probiotic bacteria and yeast growth, pH changes and metabolites produced in a pure culture system using protein base products with various added carbon sources. Food Science and Technology, 42, e18321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.18321
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.18321 - Liu, S., Shah, A. M., Yuan, M., Kang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xue, B., Zou, H., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Wang, H., Tian, G., & Peng, Q. (2022). Effects of dry yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, slaughter performance and microbial communities in beef cattle. Animal Biotechnology, 33(6), 1150-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1878204 PMid:33530818.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.1878204 - Long, L., Meng, X., Sun, J., Jing, L., Chen, D., & Yu, R. (2022). Ameliorated effect of Lactobacillus plantarum SCS2 on the oxidative stress in HepG2 cells induced by AFB1. Food Science and Technology, 42, e16522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.16522
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.16522 - Ma, J., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Cao, G., Hu, R., Wang, X., Zou, H., Kang, K., Peng, Q., Xue, B., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2021). Active dry yeast supplementation improves the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune response of weaned beef calves. Animal Nutrition, 7(4), 1352-1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.006 PMid:34786508.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.006 - Majorbio. (2022). Majorbio Cloud Platform. Retrieved from www.majorbio.com
- Mao, C., Xu, Y., Shi, L., Guo, S., Jin, X., Yan, S., & Shi, B. (2019). Effects of photoperiod change on melatonin secretion, immune function and antioxidant status of cashmere goats. Animals, 9(10), 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100766 PMid:31590427.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100766 - Méndez-Romero, J. I., Reyes-Díaz, R., Santiago-López, L., Hernández-Mendoza, A., Vallejo-Cordoba, B., Sayago-Ayerdi, S. G., Gómez-Gil, B., & González-Córdova, A. F. (2021). Artisanal Fresco cheese from Sonora: Physicochemical composition, microbial quality, and bacterial characterization by high-throughput sequencing. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 74(2), 359-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12751
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12751 - Mensching, A., Bünemann, K., Meyer, U., von Soosten, D., Hummel, J., Schmitt, A. O., Sharifi, A. R., & Dänicke, S. (2020). Modeling reticular and ventral ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows using ingestion and rumination behavior. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(8), 7260-7275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18195 PMid:32534915.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18195 - Metallo, C. M., Gameiro, P. A., Bell, E. L., Mattaini, K. R., Yang, J., Hiller, K., Jewell, C. M., Johnson, Z. R., Irvine, D., Guarente, L., Kelleher, J. K., Vander Heiden, M. G., Iliopoulos, O., & Stephanopoulos, G. (2011). Reductive glutamine metabolism by IDH1 mediates lipogenesis under hypoxia. Nature, 481(7381), 380-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10602 PMid:22101433.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10602 - Padilla, L. (2022). Impact of pH and palmitic acid on ruminal fermentation and microbial community composition Logan: Utah State University.
- Saleem, A. M., Zanouny, A. I., & Singer, A. M. (2017). Growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and blood metabolites of lambs fed diets supplemented with probiotics during pre- and post-weaning period. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(4), 523-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691 PMid:28002935.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0691 - Salminen, S., Ouwehand, A., Benno, Y., & Lee, Y. K. (1999). Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends in Food Science & Technology, 10(3), 107-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00027-8
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00027-8 - Schmidely, P., & Bahloul, L. (2022). Milk performance and oxidative status responses to rumen protected methionine supplementation in genotyped α-S1 casein lactating dairy goats fed two levels of metabolizable protein diets. Small Ruminant Research, 209, 106638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106638
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106638 - Sofeo, N., Hart, J. H., Butler, B., Oliver, D. J., Yandeau-Nelson, M. D., & Nikolau, B. J. (2019). Altering the substrate specificity of acetyl-CoA synthetase by rational mutagenesis of the carboxylate binding pocket. ACS Synthetic Biology, 8(6), 1325-1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00008 PMid:31117358.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00008 - Taboada, N., Fernández Salom, M., Córdoba, A., González, S. N., López Alzogaray, S., & van Nieuwenhove, C. (2022). Administration of selected probiotic mixture improves body weight gain and meat fatty acid composition of Creole goats. Food Bioscience, 49, 101836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101836
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101836 - Thrune, M., Bach, A., Ruiz-Moreno, M., Stern, M. D., & Linn, J. G. (2009). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal pH and microbial fermentation in dairy cows: yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation. Livestock Science, 124(1), 261-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.007
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.02.007 - Zamojska, D., Nowak, A., Nowak, I., & Macierzyńska-Piotrowska, E. (2021). Probiotics and postbiotics as substitutes of antibiotics in farm animals: a review. Animals, 11(12), 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123431 PMid:34944208.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123431 - Zhang, J., Li, W., Ying, Z., Zhao, D., Yi, G., Li, H., & Liu, X. (2020). Soybean protein-derived peptide nutriment increases negative nitrogen balance in burn injury-induced inflammatory stress response in aged rats through the modulation of white blood cells and immune factors. Food & Nutrition Research, 64(0), 3677. http://dx.doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v64.3677 PMid:32694965.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v64.3677 - Zhang, M., Wang, J., & Yang, Z. (2022). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of the exopolysaccharide produced by potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 in a HT-29 tumor-burdened nude mouse model. Food Science and Technology, 42, e57822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.57822
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.57822
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
30 Jan 2023 -
Date of issue
2023
History
-
Received
20 Oct 2022 -
Accepted
12 Dec 2022