Cooking fuel and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in Lanzhou, China: A birth cohort study

Li, Lanlan; Bai, Yang; Wang, Baolin; Ren, Yucheng; Dai, Wei; Tan, Jianwei; Yang, Weihu; Wu, Zhuming; Hu, Yaguang

doi:10.1590/fst.38320

Table of contents previous current next

Table of contents

Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.38320 linkcopy

Cooking fuel and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in Lanzhou, China: A birth cohort study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Background The relationship between the solid fuels and the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is inconclusive.

Methods A birth cohort study of 10,452 pregnant women without chronic hypertension was conducted from 2010 to 2012 at the Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital in Lanzhou, China. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship.

Results Compared to pregnant women using gas as cooking fuel, pregnant women using coal (OR=2.55, 95% CI: 1.85-3.51)and biomass (OR=3.58, 95% CI: 2.29-5.60) were associated with an increased risk of PIH, gestational hypertension (biomass: OR=3.38, 95% CI: 1.68-6.80), and preeclampsia (coal: OR=2.89, 95% CI: 1.98-4.21; biomass: OR=3.38, 95% CI: 1.95-5.84).The relationship between cooking fuel and PIH is modified by maternal age(p<0.0001), pre-pregnancy BMI (p<0.0001), gestational weigh gain(p<0.0001), parity(p<0.0001), and multiple birth (p<0.0001).

Conclusions During pregnancy, exposure to coal or biomass was associated with an increased risk of PIH and preeclampsia.

Keywords:
cooking fuel; pregnancy-induced hypertension; preeclampsia; birth cohort; China

Characteristics	Normotensive(n=9884)		PIH(n=568)		P value
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	P value
Maternal age (years)					<0.0001
<25	1578	15.97	102	17.96	.
25-29	4786	48.42	198	34.86
30-34	2630	26.61	163	28.70
≥35	890	9.00	105	18.49
Education					<0.0001
<College	3833	38.78	308	54.23
≥College	5877	59.46	246	43.31
Missing	174	1.76	14	2.46
Family monthly income (¥)					<0.0001
<2000	2314	23.41	216	38.03
≥2000	6634	67.12	291	51.23
Missing	936	9.47	61	10.74
Maternal employment during pregnancy					<0.0001
No	4761	48.17	328	57.75
Yes	5123	51.83	240	42.25
parity					0.0001
Primipara	7149	72.33	368	64.79
Multipara	2735	27.67	200	35.21
History of PIH					<0.0001
No	9722	98.36	545	95.95
Yes	162	1.64	23	4.05
Family history of PIH					<0.0001
No	9842	99.58	535	94.19
Yes	42	0.42	33	5.81
Maternal diabetes					0.0003
No	9793	99.08	554	97.54
Yes	91	0.92	14	2.46
Maternal renal disease before pregnancy					0.0121
No	9854	99.70	562	98.94
Yes	30	0.30	6	1.06
Pre-pregnancy BMI					<0.0001
<18.5	2069	20.93	74	13.03
18.5-23.9	6510	65.86	334	58.80
≥24	988	10.00	120	21.13
Missing	317	3.21	40	7.04
GWG (IOM)					<0.0001
Sufficient	3288	33.27	114	20.07
Insufficient	1325	13.41	59	10.39
Excessive	4876	49.33	345	60.74
Missing	395	4.00	50	8.80
Folate intake during pregnancy					<0.0001
No	3028	30.64	236	41.55
Yes	6856	69.36	332	58.45
Smoking(active and passive) during pregnancy					0.4785
No	7969	80.63	451	79.40
Yes	1915	19.37	117	20.60
Multiple births					<0.0001
No	9655	97.68	489	86.09
Yes	229	2.32	79	13.91
Progeny gender					0.1608
Male	5222	52.83	279	49.12
Female	4632	46.86	286	50.35
Missing	30	0.30	3	0.53
Ventilation					<0.0001
No	2003	20.27	210	36.97
Yes	7881	79.73	358	63.03

Characteristics	Gas (n=8182)		Electromagnetic (n=197)		Coal (n=506)		Biomass (n=173)		Other (n=1394)		P value
Characteristics	N	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	P value
Maternal age (years)											<0.0001
<25	1056	12.91	58	29.44	177	34.98	69	39.88	320	22.96
25-29	4052	49.52	87	44.16	162	32.02	61	35.26	622	44.62
30-34	2309	28.22	42	21.32	100	19.76	26	15.03	316	22.67
≥35	765	9.35	10	5.08	67	13.24	17	9.83	136	9.76
Education											<0.0001
<College	2807	34.31	113	57.36	414	81.82	157	90.75	650	46.63
≥College	5294	64.70	79	40.10	87	17.19	13	7.51	650	46.63
Missing	81	0.99	5	2.54	5	0.99	3	1.73	94	6.74
Family monthly income (¥)											<0.0001
<2000	1653	20.20	59	29.95	270	53.36	112	64.74	436	31.28
≥2000	5860	71.62	98	49.75	171	33.79	38	21.97	758	54.38
Missing	669	8.18	40	20.30	65	12.85	23	13.29	200	14.35
Maternal employment during pregnancy											<0.0001
No	3632	44.39	125	63.45	392	77.47	144	83.24	796	57.10
Yes	4550	55.61	72	36.55	114	22.53	29	16.76	598	42.90
Parity											<0.0001
Primipara	6079	74.30	132	67.01	263	51.98	81	46.82	962	69.01
Multipara	2103	25.70	65	32.99	243	48.02	92	53.18	432	30.99
History of PIH											0.1743
No	8026	98.09	197	100.0	500	98.81	171	98.84	1373	98.49
Yes	156	1.91	0	0.00	6	1.19	2	1.16	21	1.51
Family history of PIH											0.1802
No	8128	99.34	196	99.49	498	98.42	171	98.84	1384	99.28
Yes	54	0.66	1	0.51	8	1.58	2	1.16	10	0.72
Maternal diabetes											0.4509
No	8098	98.97	195	98.98	505	99.80	171	98.84	1378	98.85
Yes	84	1.03	2	1.02	1	0.20	2	1.16	16	1.15
Maternal renal disease before pregnancy											0.3962
No	8155	99.67	197	100.0	502	99.21	172	99.42	1390	99.71
Yes	27	0.33	0	0.00	4	0.79	1	0.58	4	0.29
Pre-pregnancy BMI											<0.0001
<18.5	1694	20.70	49	24.87	97	19.17	27	15.61	276	19.80
18.5-23.9	5457	66.70	130	65.99	319	63.04	102	58.96	836	59.97
≥24	900	11.00	12	6.09	50	9.88	26	15.03	120	8.61
Missing	131	1.60	6	3.05	40	7.91	18	10.40	162	11.62
GWG (IOM)											<0.0001
Sufficient	2751	33.62	69	35.03	136	26.88	49	28.32	397	28.48
Insufficient	953	11.65	43	21.83	126	24.90	40	23.12	222	15.93
Excessive	4307	52.64	74	37.56	190	37.55	56	32.37	594	42.61
Missing	171	2.09	11	5.58	54	10.67	28	16.18	181	12.98
Folate intake during pregnancy											<0.0001
No	2207	26.91	78	39.59	278	54.94	99	57.23	607	43.54
Yes	5980	73.09	119	60.41	228	45.06	74	42.77	787	56.46
Smoking(active and passive) during pregnancy											<0.0001
No	6648	81.25	151	76.65	364	71.94	130	75.14	1127	80.85
Yes	1534	18.75	46	23.35	142	28.06	43	24.86	267	19.15
Multiple births											<0.0001
No	7994	97.70	190	96.45	472	93.28	158	91.33	1330	95.41
Yes	188	2.30	7	3.55	34	6.72	15	8.67	64	4.59
Progeny gender											0.6506
Male	4300	52.55	112	56.85	274	54.15	96	55.49	719	51.58
Female	3860	47.18	84	42.64	230	45.45	76	43.93	668	47.92
Missing	22	0.27	1	0.51	2	0.40	1	0.58	7	0.50
Ventilation											<0.0001
No	803	9.81	69	35.03	302	59.68	135	78.03	904	64.85
Yes	7379	90.19	128	64.97	204	40.32	38	21.97	490	35.15

Cooking fuel types	Term (n)	PIH(n=568)		GH (n=180)		(Pre)-eclampsia (n=388)
Cooking fuel types	Term (n)	No.	OR(95% CI)	No.	OR(95% CI)	No.	OR(95% CI)
Gas	7837	345	1.00(ref)	117	1.00(ref)	228	1.00(ref)
Electromagnetic	187	10	1.24(0.64-2.41)	5	1.71(0.68-4.30)	5	0.98(0.39-2.44)
Coal	433	73	2.55(1.85-3.51)	17	1.71(0.95-3.06)	56	2.98(2.06-4.31)
Biomass	137	36	3.58(2.29-5.60)	12	3.38(1.68-6.80)	24	3.64(2.14-6.19)

Cooking fuel types	Term (n)	PE (n=377)		M-PE (n=148)		S-PE (n=229)
Cooking fuel types	Term (n)	No.	OR(95% CI)	No.	OR(95% CI)	No.	OR(95% CI)
Gas	7837	224	1.00(ref)	99	1.00(ref)	125	1.00(ref)
Electromagnetic	187	5	1.00(0.40-2.50)	2	1.02(0.24-4.29)	3	1.01(0.31-3.28)
Coal	433	53	2.89(1.98-4.21)	14	2.21(1.17-4.17)	39	3.23(2.06-5.06)
Biomass	137	22	3.38(1.95-5.84)	6	2.94(1.13-7.63)	16	3.46(1.83-6.52)

Characteristics	Gas			Coal			Biomass
	Term (n)	PIH		Term (n)	PIH		Term (n)	PIH
	Term (n)	No.	OR(95% CI)	Term (n)	No.	OR(95% CI)	Term (n)	No.	OR(95% CI)
Maternal age
<30	4999	109	1.00(ref)	307	32	3.09(1.94-4.93)	110	20	4.73(2.62-8.52)
≥30	2955	119	0.78(0.45-1.34)	143	24	2.10(1.04-4.26)	39	4	0.93(0.27-3.11)
Interaction P value									<0.0001
Pre-pregnancy BMI
18.5-23.9	5320	127	1.00(ref)	286	33	3.16(2.01-4.95)	89	13	3.31(1.67-6.57)
<18.5	1665	29	1.23(0.53-2.86)	91	6	3.05(0.96-9.70)	24	3	3.92(0.83-18.42)
≥24	842	58	1.40(0.65-3.00)	39	11	3.22(1.14-9.04)	21	5	4.11(1.17-14.42)
Interaction P value									<0.0001
GWG
sufficient	2713	38	1.00(ref)	131	5	1.09(0.40-3.00)	47	2	1.66(0.37-7.39)
insufficient	936	17	1.89(0.62-5.76)	116	10	6.02(1.78-20.35)	37	3	4.88(1.01-23.58)
excessive	4140	167	1.47(0.74-2.91)	156	34	5.27(2.39-11.61)	45	11	3.71(1.37-10.04)
Interaction P value									<0.0001
Parity
primipara	5920	159	1.00(ref)	234	29	3.20(1.99-5.16)	66	15	5.19(2.64-10.22)
multipara	2034	69	0.80(0.46-1.39)	216	27	2.14(1.09-4.22)	83	9	1.63(0.66-4.01)
Interaction P value									<0.0001
Multiple births
No	7800	194	1.00(ref)	424	48	3.43(2.35-5.02)	138	20	3.97(2.28-6.90)
Yes	154	34	0.95(0.45-2.03)	26	8	1.01(0.35-2.93)	11	4	1.19(0.31-4.62)
Interaction P value									<0.0001

location_on

Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos Av. Brasil, 2880, Caixa Postal 271, 13001-970 Campinas SP - Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3241.5793, Tel./Fax.: +55 19 3241.0527 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@sbcta.org.br

rss_feed Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader

[1] Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index), GWG (gestational weight gain), IOM (Institute of Medicine), PIH (pregnancy-induced hypertension).