Raça, Classe e Desigualdade de Rendimentos no Brasil: Uma Análise de Trajetória Social

Salata, André

André Salata

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre , RS , Brasil . E-mail: andresalata@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7236-4917

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Figure 1
Mean income from work* for blacks and whites (Brazil, 1995-2015)**

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Figure 2
Structural equation model: Graphic representation and standardized direct effects* (Brazil, 2014)

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Figure 3
Structural equation model: standardized direct and indirect effects on work income (Brazil, 2014)*

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Figure 4
Structural equation model: predicted monthly income values by social origin profile and race (Brazil, 2014)

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Figure 5
Structural equation model: net effects (percentage) of race on income, by type of model (Brazil, 2014)*

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Figure 1a Boxplot
: distribution of scores for social origin (latent variable), for whites and blacks (Brazil, 2014)

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Table 1
Variables

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Table 2a
Structural equation model: fit statistics (Brazil, 2014)

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Table 2
Structural equation model: direct, indirect, and total effects (Brazil, 2014)

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Table 3
Structural equation model: decomposition of the effects from race and social origin (Brazil, 2014)

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Table 1a
Structural equation model: descriptive statistics (Brazil, 2014)

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Table 3a
Structural Equation Model: estimated parameters (Brazil, 2014)

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Table 4a
Structural equation model: imputed values for the calculation of predicted income

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Name	Nature	Type	Blocks (control variable)	Description	Categories
Endogenous variables
Income	Observed	Interval	---	Natural logarithm of the gross monthly income from the main job divided by monthly workload (in hours)	---
Occupation	Observed	Interval	---	Status (ISEI) of the occupation for the main job	---
Education	Observed	Interval	---	Years of study completed	---
Exogenous variables of interest
Blacks	Observed	Dummy	---	Racial self-identification	0=whites / 1=blacks
Social origin	Latent	Interval	---	Socio-economic level of the family of origin	---
Exogenous indicator variables (of “Social origin”)
Cultural resources	Observed	Interval	---	Average education of the occupation of the father or mother (the highest value), when the interviewee was 15 years old	---
Economic resources	Observed	Interval	---	Median income of the occupation of the father or mother (the highest value), when the interviewee was 15 years old	---
Exogenous control variables
Region of origin	Observed	Dummies	1	Geographic region of residence when 15 years old	1=North / 2=Northeast / 3=Southeast or foreign country (reference) / 4=South / 5=Center-west
Place of origin	Observed	Dummies	1	Place of residence when 15 years old	0=Rural (reference) / 1=Urban / 2=Urban-Capital
Family of origin	Observed	Dummy	1	Indicator of single-parent family, when 15 years old	0=Non single-parent / 1=Single-parent
Women	Observed	Dummy	1,2,3	Indicator of women	0=Men / 1=women
Age	Observed	Interval	1,2,3	Age, in years	---
Current region	Observed	Dummies	2,3	Geographic region currently living	1=North / 2=Northeast / 3=Southeast (reference) / 4=South / 5=Center-west
Current location	Observed	Dummies	2,3	Location where currently living	0=Rural (reference) / 1=Urban / 2=Urban-Metropolitan
Migration	Observed	Dummy	2,3	Indicator of person who moved interstate after 15 years of age	0=Non-migrant / 1=Migrant
Age ²	Observed	Interval	3	Age, in years, squared	---
Years	Observed	Interval	3	Years of experience in current job	---

Endogenous variables	Variance			R-squared
Endogenous variables	fitted	predicted	residual	R-squared
Education	19.59	6.76	12.82	0.35
Occupation	317.88	128.14	189.73	0.40
Income	0.77	0.33	0.44	0.43
N.	46.023

Variable	Effects
	Direct		Indirect		Total
	coef.	[Std. Coef.]	coef.	[Std. Coef.]	coef.	[Std. Coef.]
Education<
Social origin	0.0001713***	[0.360]	-	-	0.0001713***	[0.360]
Blacks	-0.991***	[-0.111]	-	-	-0.991	[-0.111]
Occupation<
Social origin	0.0003745***	[0.195]	0.0003307***	[0.172]	0.0007052***	[0.368]
Blacks	-2.179***	[-0.061]	-1.914***	[-0.053]	-4.093***	[-0.114]
Education	1.930***	[0.479]	-	-	1.930***	[0.479]
Income<
Social origin	0.0000104***	[0.110]	0.0000187***	[0.198]	0.0000291***	[0.309]
Blacks	-0.077***	[-0.043]	-0.108***	[-0.061]	-0.185***	[-0.105]
Education	0.049***	[0.248]	0.028***	[0.141]	0.077***	[0.390]
Occupation	0.014***	[0.296]	-	-	0.014***	[0.296]
Social origin<
Economic capital	1 (fixed)	[0.100]	-	-	1 (fixed)	[0.100]
Cultural capital	2979.082***	[0.928]	-	-	2979.082***	[0.928]

Path	Std. coef.	%
Effects of race
Blacks>Income	-0.043***	41,6
Blacks>Education>Income	-0.028***	26,3
Blacks>Occupation>Income	-0.018***	17,1
Blacks>Education>Occupation>Income	-0.016***	15,0
TOTAL	-0.105***	100,0
Effects of social origin
Social origin>Income	0.110***	35,8
Social origin>Education>Income	0.090***	28,9
Social origin>Occupation>Income	0.058***	18,7
Social origin>Education>Occupation>Income	0.051***	16,5
TOTAL	0.309***	100,0

\begin{matrix} {^{r}}_{Y O} {=^{P}}_{Y O} {+^{P}}_{Y U}^{r}_{U O} {+^{P}}_{Y W}^{r}_{W O} {+^{P}}_{Y W}^{r}_{W U}^{r}_{u o} = (.110) + [(.248)^{*} (.360)] + [(.296)^{*} (.195)] + [(.296)^{*} (.479)^{*} (.360)] \\ = (.110) + (.090) + (.058) + (.051) \\ = .309 \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} {^{r}}_{Y N} {=^{P}}_{Y N} {+^{P}}_{Y U}^{r}_{U N} {+^{P}}_{Y W}^{r}_{W N} {+^{P}}_{Y W}^{r}_{W U}^{r}_{U N} = (- .043) + [(.248)^{*} (- .111)] + [(.296)^{*} (- .061)] + [(.296)^{*} (.479)^{*} (- .111)] \\ = (- .043) + (- .028) + (- .018) + (- .016) \\ = - .105 \end{matrix}

Variable	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Education (in years)	8.63	4.43	0.00	15.00
Occupation (ISEI)	36.65	17.87	16.00	90.00
Income / workload (ln)	1.99	0.86	-5.37	8.01
Economic resources (origin)	1,196.80	936.14	192.00	20,000.00
Cultural resources (origin)	7.49	2.91	3.70	15.00
Blacks	0.54	0.50	0.00	1.00
Region of origin 1 (North)	0.07	0.26	0.00	1.00
Region of origin 2 (Northeast)	0.31	0.46	0.00	1.00
Region of origin 4 (South)	0.15	0.36	0.00	1.00
Region of origin 5 (Centre-west)	0.06	0.24	0.00	1.00
Place of origin 2 (Urban)	0.59	0.49	0.00	1.00
Place of origin 3 (Urban-Capital)	0.30	0.46	0.00	1.00
Family of origin (single parent)	0.28	0.45	0.00	1.00
Women	0.53	0.50	0.00	1.00
Age	39.83	12.44	20.00	64.00
Age ²	1,740.92	1,030.61	400.00	4,096.00
Current region 1 (North)	0.08	0.27	0.00	1.00
Current region 2 (Northeast)	0.27	0.44	0.00	1.00
Current region 4 (South)	0.15	0.36	0.00	1.00
Current region 5 (Centre-west)	0.07	0.26	0.00	1.00
Current location 2 (Urban)	0.55	0.50	0.00	1.00
Current location 3 (Urban metropolitan)	0.31	0.46	0.00	1.00
Migration	0.13	0.33	0.00	1.00
Years	8.01	9.50	0.00	59.00

Variables	Coef.	Robust standard error	Std. Coef.
Education <
Social origin	0.0001713***	0.000	0.360
Blacks	-0.991***	0.045	-0.111
Region of origin (North)	-0.350***	0.067	-0.020
Region of origin (Northeast)	-0.919***	0.053	-0.096
Region of origin (South)	-0.204***	0.059	-0.017
Region of origin (Centre-west)	-0,094	0.075	-0.005
Place of origin (urban)	1.667***	0.064	0.185
Place of origin (urban-capital)	2.195***	0.072	0.227
Family of origin (single-parent)	-0.568***	0.046	-0.057
Women	0.585***	0.041	0.066
Age	-0.0844***	0.002	-0.237
Constant	7.121***	0.121	1.609
Status of the occupation <
Education	1.930***	0.028	0.479
Social origin	0.0003745***	0.000	0.195
Blacks	-2.179***	0.205	-0.061
Women	-0.859***	0.189	-0.024
Age	0.123***	0.009	0.085
Current region (North)	0.561*	0.284	0.008
Current region (Northeast)	0.856***	0.233	0.021
Current region (South)	0.146	0.279	0.003
Current region (Centre-west)	1.107***	0.318	0.016
Current location (urban)	4.844***	0.249	0.135
Current location (urban-metropolitan)	5.744***	0.293	0.149
Migration	0.776**	0.291	0.014
Constant	2.242***	0.534	0.126
Income <
Education	0.0492***	0.002	0.248
Occupation	0.0146***	0.000	0.296
Social origin	0.0000104***	0.000	0.110
Blacks	-0.0772***	0.010	-0.043
Women	-0.264***	0.009	-0.153
Age	0.0492***	0.003	0.708
Current region (North)	-0.0901***	0.015	-0.028
Current region (Northeast)	-0.319***	0.012	-0.163
Current region (South)	0.0386**	0.012	0.016
Current region (Centre-west)	0.0644***	0.014	0.020
Current location (urban)	0.0985***	0.017	0.057
Current location (urban-metropolitan)	0.188***	0.018	0.101
Migration	0.117***	0.014	0.045
Age ²	-0.000485***	0.000	-0.579
Years	0.00764***	0.001	0.084
Constant	-0.332***	0.057	-0.378
Social origin <
Economic resources	1.000	(.)	0.100
Cultural resources	2979.1***	569	0.928

Profile	Social origin
Profile	Income	Education
Profile of whites	1,344.65	8.05
Profile of blacks	1,061.58	6.97

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Raça, Classe e Desigualdade de Rendimentos no Brasil: Uma Análise de Trajetória Social

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