Guo et al.66. Guo G, Ou XM, Roettger M, Shih JC. The VNTR 2 repeat in MAOA and delinquent behavior in adolescence and young adulthood: associations and MAOA promoter activity. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16(5):626-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201999 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/...
|
2,524 |
Both sexes |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) |
Delinquent behavior |
Boys with the MAOA_LPR*2R allele had twice the chance of presenting delinquent and violent behaviors when compared with participants with other alleles. The same effect is observed in girls but with less intensity. |
Åslund et al.1919. Åslund C, Nordquist N, Comasco E, Leppert J, Oreland L, Nilsson KW. Maltreatment, MAOA, and delinquency: sex differences in gene-environment interaction in a large population-based cohort of adolescents. Behav Genet. 2011;41(2):262-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-010-9356-y https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
|
1,825 |
Both sexes |
Survey of Adolescent Life in Vestmanland 2006 (SALVe-2006) |
Delinquent behavior |
MAOA_LPR genotype (one short variant for boys and one or two long variants for girls) showed a significant effect on delinquency when controlled for maltreatment. |
Roettger et al.2222. Roettger ME, Boardman JD, Harris KM, Guo G. The association between the MAOA 2R genotype and delinquency over time among men: the interactive role of parental closeness and parental incarceration. Crim Justice Behav. 2016;43(8):1076-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816629184 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
|
6,001 |
Males |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) |
Delinquent behavior |
The relationship between delinquency and the MAOA_LPR*2R allele decreases in participants who were close to their biological or adoptive father, but not in those close to their mother. |
Beaver et al.2323. Beaver KM, Barnes JC, Boutwell BB. The 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene confers an increased risk for shooting and stabbing behaviors. Psychiatr Q. 2014;85(3):257-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-013-9287-x https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
|
2,574 |
Males |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) |
Violent behaviors |
African Americans carrying the MAOA_LPR*2R allele were more likely to engage in violent behaviors such as shooting or stabbing someone when compared to other MAOA_LPR genotypes. |
Beaver et al.2424. Beaver KM, Wright JP, Boutwell BB, Barnes JC, DeLisi M, Vaughn MG. Exploring the association between the 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene promoter polymorphism and psychopathic personality traits, arrests, incarceration, and lifetime antisocial behavior. Pers Individ Dif. 2013;54(2):164-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.014 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
167/174 |
Males |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) |
Anti-social phenotypes |
African Americans with MAOA_LPR*2R allele had higher scores on an antisocial phenotype scale. Individuals with the MAOA_LPR*2R allele were also significantly more likely to be arrested, when compared to individuals with other alleles. There were no data for Caucasians. |
Daw and Guo2525. Daw J, Guo G. The influence of three genes on whether adolescents use contraception, USA 1994-2002. Popul Stud. 2011;65(3):253-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2011.598942 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
|
2,167 |
Both sexes |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) |
Contraceptive use |
Females carrying the MAOA_LPR*2R allele have higher odds of having unprotected sex. The authors did not find this association in males. |
Stetler et al.2626. Stetler DA, Davis C, Leavitt K, Schriger I, Benson K, Bhakta S, et al. Association of low-activity MAOA allelic variants with violent crime in incarcerated offenders. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;58:69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
89 |
Male |
Imprisoned population |
Violent behaviors |
Violent crime charges were significantly more frequent in carriers of MAOA_LPR*2R or MAOA_LPR*3R alleles. |
Barnett et al.2727. Barnett JH, Xu K, Heron J, Goldman D, Jones PB. Cognitive effects of genetic variation in monoamine neurotransmitter systems: a population-based study of COMT, MAOA, and 5HTTLPR. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156(2):158-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31150 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
|
6,000 |
Both sexes |
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) |
Cognitive function |
MAOA_LPR alone did not show a significant effect on cognitive function. The authors found an association between MAOA_LPR and COMT Val158Met genotypes with better working memory. |
Belsky and Beaver2828. Belsky J, Beaver KM. Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(5):619-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02327.x https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/...
|
1,586 |
Both sexes |
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) |
Self-regulation and adolescence parenting |
Under different environmental conditions, MAOA_LPR could be one moderator of parenting and self-regulation in boys. |
Rommelse et al.2929. Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Arias-Vásquez A, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Faraone S V, et al. Differential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147B(8):1524-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30845 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
|
545 |
Both sexes |
Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) cohort |
ADHD and neuropsychological functioning |
One of the haplotypes was associated with poorer motor control in boys and with better visuospatial working memory in girls. |
Chien et al.3030. Chien C-C, Lin C-H, Chang Y-Y, Lung F-W. Association of VNTR polymorphisms in the MAOA promoter and DRD4 exon 3 with heroin dependence in male Chinese addicts. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11(2-2):409-16. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622970903304459 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/...
|
1,074 |
Male |
In custody population |
Heroin dependence |
MAOA_LPR polymorphism does not appear to be involved in heroin dependence. |
Ko et al.3131. Ko C-H, Hsieh T-J, Wang P-W, Lin W-C, Chen C-S, Yen J-Y. The altered brain activation of phonological working memory, dual tasking, and distraction among participants with adult ADHD and the effect of the MAOA polymorphism. J Atten Disord. 2018;22(3):240-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715572609 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
|
50 |
Males |
ADHD and non-ADHD population |
ADHD |
ADHD carriers of rs1137070 T allele had higher activation of pars opercularis when compared with carriers of C allele. |