| Cassilhas et al.24(2007) |
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62 male elderly (aged 65 to 75 years) in 3 different groups: Control group, Moderate intensity group and High intensity group |
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Resistance training; 2 sets of 8 repetitions, 90 seconds between sets for chest press, leg press, vertical traction, abdominal crunch, leg curls, lower back exercises. |
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50% of 1RM or 80% of 1RM; 60 min; 3 times; 24 weeks |
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Load adjustment on week 10, 15, 18 and 21. |
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IGF-1 serum concentration; Immunoradiometric assay. |
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Wechsler adult intelligence scale III - WAIS III; Wechsler memory scale-revised (WSM-R); Toulouse-Pieron’s concentration attention test; Rey-Osterrieth complex figure. |
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Increased IGF-1 levels and cognitive performance improvement on all tests for Moderate intensity group and High intensity group. |
| Baker et al.11(2010) |
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28 prediabetic elderly (mean age of 70 years), randomized to: Control group and Aerobic group |
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Aerobic training; treadmill, stationary bicycle or elliptical trainer |
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75-85% of heart rate reserve; 45-60 min; 4 times; 24 weeks |
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NR |
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IGF-1 plasma concentration; Radioimmunoassay |
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Trail-making test (Trail A and B); Task Switching; Stroop Color-Word Interference; Self-Ordered Pointing Test; Verbal fluency; Story Recall; List Learning. |
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Maintained IGF-1 levels and cognitive performance improvement in aerobic group. Improvement on: Trail B; Task switching; Stroop color-word interference and trends in Self-Ordered Pointing test and Verbal Fluency. |
| Baker et al.12(2010) |
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33 elderly (mean age of 70 years) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, randomized to: Control group and Aerobic group. |
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Aerobic training; treadmill, stationary bicycle or elliptical trainer |
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75-85% of heart rate reserve; 45-60 min; 4 times; 24 weeks |
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NR |
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IGF-1 plasma concentration; Radioimmunoassay |
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Trail-making test (Trail A and B); Stroop color and Word test; Task Switching; Verbal fluency; Symbol digit modalities; Story Recall; List Learning; Delayed-Match-To-Sample. |
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Increased IGF-1 levels for men in the Aerobic group and improvement in cognition for women and men (Trail B, Stroop color and word test; Task Switching; Verbal fluency, Symbol-digit modalities), with different responses according to sex. |
| Voss et al.28(2013) |
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65 elderly (mean age of 67.3 years), randomized to: Control group and Aerobic group |
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Aerobic training; walking on an indoor track |
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60-75% of the maximum heart rate reserve, for the most part; 10-40 min; 3 times; 48 weeks |
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Increment of 5 minutes per session until week 7 |
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IGF-1 serum concentration; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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Structural MRI; Functional MRI |
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Reduction in IGF-1 levels after intervention. Change in IGF-1 levels were correlated with increase in connectivity between the bilateral parahippocampus and the bilateral middle temporal gyrus. |
| Tsai et al.25(2015) |
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48 male elderly (mean age of 71.4 ± 3.79 years), randomized to: Control group and Exercise group. |
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Resistance training; 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 90 seconds between sets for biceps, curls, leg press, triceps extensions, hamstring curls, latissimus dorsi pull-downs, calf raises, and seated rowing. |
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75-80% 1 RM; 60 min; 3 times; 48 weeks |
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Individual load without a fixed period |
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IGF-1 serum concentration; chemiluminescence immunoassay |
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Oddball task with event-related potential (ERP) – P3a and P3b |
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Increased IGF-1 levels and cognitive performance improvement in the Exercise group, in Accuracy rate under the oddball condition, reaction time, P3a larger amplitude and trends for P3b. |
| Rahe et al.26(2015) |
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68 elderly (range 50-85 years), randomized to: Cognitive training group; Cognitive training with Physical Activity group and Cognitive training + Physical activity + Counseling |
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Multimodal training with cognitive training; Multimodal training with cognitive training + Counseling |
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NR; 20 min; 2 times; 7 weeks |
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NR |
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IGF-1 serum concentration; Chemiluminescence immunoassay and sandwich-chemiluminescent immunoassay. |
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DemTect.; Complex figure test; Brief test of attention; German WAIS III; Regensburger wort flüssigkeits-test; Stroop test; Key search. |
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Maintained IGF-1 levels in all groups. Increase in cognitive performance in both groups. |
| Maass et al.27(2016) |
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40 elderly (mean age of 68.4 years), pseudo- randomized to: Control group and Aerobic group. |
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Aerobic training, treadmill; |
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65% target heart rate; 30 min; 3 times; 1 2 weeks |
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Increment of 5% target heart rate for 4 weeks |
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IGF-1 serum concentration; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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Verbal learning and Memory test; Rey auditory verbal learning test; Complex figure test; Digit Span Test; Magnetic resonance imaging – high-resolution region-of-interest (ROI)-based and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). |
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Maintained IGF-1 levels and cognitive performance in the Aerobic group. IGF-1 levels were related to hippocampal volume changes (measured by voxel based-morphometry) and delayed verbal recall performance. |
