| 01 |
Bourgin, 20184141. Bourgin J, Guyader N, Chauvin A, Juphard A, Sauvée M, Moreaud O, et al. Early Emotional Attention is Impacted in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;63(4):1445-58. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180170
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
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AD=16
HOAs=25 |
The stimuli were 96 color images of natural or manufactured objects, presented against a white background at a visual angle of 9×9. |
Saccadic task involving both prosaccades and antisaccades. |
An eye-tracking technique during a simple but time-constrained cognitive task |
The results suggest that early emotional attention is indeed impaired in AD |
| 02 |
Daley, 20183939. Daley RT, Sugarman MA, Shirk SD. Spared emotional perception in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is associated with negative caregiver outcomes. Aging Ment Health. 2018;22(5):595-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1286457
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
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AD=28
CG = 28
OCs=30 |
The Advanced Clinical Solutions Social Perception subtest (ACS-SP) to measure emotional perception abilities).
Happy, sad, angry, disgusted, afraid, surprised, or neutral. |
The Affect Naming task, the Prosody-Face Matching task, and the Prosody-Pair Matching task. |
Emotion identification, emotion discrimination, and emotion matching. |
The patient group performed significantly worse than control group on measures of cognition and emotional perception. |
| 03 |
Dourado, 20195656. Dourado MC, Torres MM, Simões NJ, Alves G, Alves C. Facial expression recognition patterns in mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;69(2):539-49. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181101
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
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52 participants
AD mild n=29
AD moderate n=23 |
Face drawings
Sadness, happiness, anger, or surprise |
Matching: instructions–match target face with one of four alternatives; point/verbal response to another example of same emotion and three other expressions. Selection: instructions–point to the sad faces/choose face that matches situation; point response to one of four alternatives. |
The subjects must select the target of three other distractors in the same category. Identity discrimination: (same/different emotion). Indicate which of the four drawings best depicts that specific emotion. And indicate the drawing that best described the emotion he had inferred from the stimulus. |
Emotional processing difficulties across AD stages. However, when participants needed to recognize the most salient emotion in a situation with evident emotional content, the results suggest that in both groups, there was no influence of cognitive impairment. |
| 04 |
Duclos, 20184242. Duclos H, Bejanin A, Eustache F, Desgranges B, Laisney M. Role of context in affective Theory of Mind in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2018;19:363-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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n=60
AD 20
HOS 20
HYS 20 |
The Peter and Mary emotion tasks Battery.
Two basic emotions (i.e., anger and surprise), two self-consciousness emotions (i.e., embarrassment and pride), plus the neutral state. |
(1) context task, (2) face task, and (3) context–face task |
Identification of emotions (What is the emotion expressed by the character?), Discrimination of emotions (Which of the four situations could induce that emotion), Correspondence of emotions (Does the emotion expressed by the character correspond to the context?). |
The results suggest that patients with AD have difficulty attributing emotional mental states, and deficits in social norm knowledge and the presence of incongruent information may heighten this difficulty. |
| 05 |
Giffard, 20094343. Giffard B, Laisney M, Eustache F, Desgranges B. Can the emotional connotation of concepts modulate the lexico-semantic deficits in Alzheimer’s disease? Neuropsychologia. 2009;47(1):258-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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AD 26
CG 26 |
Lists of words
(neutral, positive, and negative). |
Semantic priming task
The lexical decision task. |
Identification of words |
The results show that this emotional process is preserved in AD and may even help patients to bind semantically close emotional concepts together more tightly. |
| 06 |
Kalenzaga, 20134444. Kalenzaga S, Clarys D. Self-referential processing in Alzheimer’s disease: Two different ways of processing self-knowledge? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2013;35(5):455-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2013.789485
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
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AD 22
CG 21 |
Two lists of 30 personality trait adjectives were selected from a normalized pool. Paradigms Remember/Know/Guess |
Remember/Know/Guess. |
The participants were asked to underline the words they recognized from the study list and to indicate whether or not they had a conscious recollection of the learning sequence. |
Results indicate that self-reference increased autonoetic consciousness only for emotional and particularly negative trait adjectives. |
| 07 |
Kalenzaga, 20134545. Kalenzaga S, Bugaïska A, Clarys D. Self-reference effect and autonoetic consciousness in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2013;27(2):116-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e318257dc31
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/...
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n=40
AD 22
CG 18 |
Two lists of 30 personality trait adjectives were selected from a normalized pool. |
Remember/Know/Guess. |
Read aloud, answer questions about yourself, and underline the words you recognized from the list of studies. Report whether or not they had a conscious memory of the learning sequence. |
Results for patients with AD show that self-reference increased autonoetic consciousness only for emotional and particularly negative trait adjectives. |
| 08 |
Kalenzaga, 20144646. Kalenzaga S, Piolino P, Clarys D. The emotional memory effect in Alzheimer’s disease: Emotional words enhance recollective experience similarly in patients and control participants. Cogn Emotion. 2014;29(2):342-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.907127
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
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n=33
AD 18
CG 15 |
64 nouns/words were divided into four lists of 16 words (i.e., 8 neutral, 4 positive, and 4 negative) matched for frequency, concreteness, and valence. |
Remember/Know/Guess |
Underline the identified words from the list of studies and indicate whether or not they had a conscious recall of the learning sequence. |
Patients with AD were as able as normal controls to benefit from the emotional content of information to improve the recollection of details. |
| 09 |
Kalenzaga, 20164747. Kalenzaga S, Lamidey V, Ergis A-M, Clarys D, Piolino P. The positivity bias in aging: Motivation or degradation? Emotion. 2016;16(5):602-10. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000170
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/...
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n=155
YA 38
OA 39
VOA 37
AD 41 |
64 nouns/words were divided into four lists of 16 words (i.e., 8 neutral, 4 positive, and 4 negative) matched for frequency, concreteness, and valence. |
The task was presented using the SuperLabPro software. |
Participants had to read aloud and learn the words, had to generate a sentence containing the word, and after trying four items, the participants had to remember the four words and the corresponding phrases produced. |
The results indicated that the positivity bias is most likely to occur in individuals whose cognitive functions are preserved, after long retention delay, and in experimental conditions that do not constrain encoding. |
| 10 |
Laisney, 20134848. Laisney M, Bon L, Guiziou C, Daluzeau N, Eustache F, Desgranges B. Cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychol. 2013;7(1):107-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-6653.2012.02038.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/...
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AD 16
CG 15 |
Preference judgment task, False-belief task, and Reading the Mind in the Eyes test |
Reading the Mind in the Eyes test |
Identification in Matching emotions and Discrimination |
We observed impaired performances by patients with AD on all the ToM tasks.
However, affective ToM seemed affected to a lesser degree than the cognitive dimension. |
| 11 |
Maki, 20134949. Maki Y, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi T, Yamaguchi H. Relative preservation of the recognition of positive facial expression “happiness” in Alzheimer disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(1):105-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212001482
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
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n=54
AD 12
ANC 17
YNC 25 |
600 colored face images of 6 basic emotional expressions (i.e., happiness, surprise, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust).
DB99. |
The participants were required to answer by touching the 100% face that corresponded to the expression of intermediate face. |
Emotion identification, (What is the emotion expressed by the face/photo on the computer screen?) |
In recognition of happiness, there was no difference in sensitivity between YNC and ANC, and between ANC and patients with AD. Patients with AD were less sensitive than ANC in recognition of sadness, surprise, and anger. |
| 12 |
Mograbi, 20125050. Mograbi DC, Brown RG, Morris RG. Emotional reactivity to film material in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;34(5-6):351-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343930
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/...
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n=43
AD 22
CG 21 |
The groups watched four films, namely, one neutral, one positive, and two negative. Joyful and sad, relaxed and frightened, calm and irritated, and hopeful and hopeless. Joy, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and contempt were evaluated. |
The groups watched four film excerpts, namely, one neutral, one positive, and two negative. |
Self-evaluation (How do you feel after watching this?’). For each emotion, participants were asked to rate how they were feeling. |
The study indicates that patients show emotional reactions congruent with stimulus valence, but that subjective reactivity is reduced in comparison with healthy older adults for negative material |
| 13 |
Mograbi, 20125151. Mograbi DC, Brown RG, Salas C, Morris RG. Emotional reactivity and awareness of task performance in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2012;50(8):2075-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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AD 23
CG 21 |
Two success–failure computerized paradigms were developed, i.e., one based on reaction time and the other on memory.
Frustrated, satisfied; disappointed, satisfied; ashamed, feeling good about himself; and bored, energetic. |
Success condition task and one in a failure condition. |
Performance evaluation |
The results indicated that, relative to controls, patients with AD exhibited impaired awareness of performance, but comparable differential reactivity to failure relative to success tasks, both in terms of self-report and facial expressions. |
| 14 |
Monti, 20105252. Monti JM, Weintraub S, Egner T. Differential age-related decline in conflict-driven task-set shielding from emotional versus non-emotional distracters. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(6):1697-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.017
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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PRAD 19
HE 15
YA 22 |
Ekman photos: Happy and Fear |
The nonemotional conflict task versus emotional conflict task. |
Emotion identification, (What is the emotion expressed by the face/photo on the computer screen?) |
It was found that, compared to the young adult cohort, the healthy elderly displayed deficits in task-set shielding in the non-emotional but not in the emotional task, whereas PRAD subjects displayed impaired performance in both tasks. |
| 15 |
Sapey, 20155353. Sapey-Triomphe L-A, Heckemann RA, Boublay N, Dorey J-M, Hénaff M-A, Rouch I. Neuroanatomical correlates of recognizing face expressions in mild stages of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143586
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
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n=78
AD 39
CG 39 |
Photographs of faces and answer options were displayed on a computer screen.
Happiness, anger, disgust, fear, and neutral. |
Behavioral tasks, facial gender recognition task, and facial emotional expression recognition task. |
Participants were asked to determine whether the face was more feminine or masculine.
Participants were asked to select the label that best described the emotional expression |
The results indicate that emotion recognition is impaired specifically, rather than as a consequence of global cognitive dysfunction. |
| 16 |
Sava, 20175454. Sava A-A, Krolak-Salmon P, Delphin-Combe F, Cloarec M, Chainay H. Memory for faces with emotional expressions in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy older participants: positivity effect is not only due to familiarity. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2017;24(1):1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1143444
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
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n=63
AD 17
HO 21
HY 25
n=60
AD 18
HO 21
HY 21 |
The stimuli were 96 black and white photographs (7 cm × 5 cm) with 32 human adult faces against a gray background (each one depicting sad, neutral, and happy emotional expressions). Stimuli were selected from the Montreal Set of Facial Displays of Emotion |
Delayed matching-to-sample task, and Emotion classification task. |
Identity discrimination: indicate who the same person is.
Emotion identification
(What is the emotion expressed by the character?) |
Results suggest that the positivity effect in memory is not entirely due to the sense of familiarity for smiling faces. |
| 17 |
Seidl, 20125757. Seidl U, Lueken U, Thomann PA, Kruse A, Schröder J. Facial expression in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2012;27(2):100-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317512440495
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
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47 participants
AD |
Photos-IAPS: joy, surprise joy, surprise, anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and contempt. |
The participants were encouraged to focus their attention on each presented picture (“Let’s have a look at this one”); simultaneously, facial expression was videotaped. |
Attentional focus in either emotion-eliciting or neutral images |
The result that cognitive deficits are associated with loss of specific facial expression point toward a progressive loss of control of facial expressions, corroborating previous findings. |
| 18 |
Torres, 20155858. Torres B, Santos RL, Sousa MFB. de, Simões Neto JP, Nogueira MML, Belfort TT, et al. Facial expression recognition in Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2015;73(5):383-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20150009
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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AD 30
CG 30 |
Face drawings
Sadness, happiness, anger, or surprise |
Tasks of identifying faces, understanding facial emotions, recognizing expression of emotion, and understanding the nature of a situation and the appropriate emotional state that someone would experience in that situation |
The subjects must select the target of three other distractors in the same category. Identity discrimination: (same/different emotion). Indicate which of the four drawings best depicts that specific emotion. And indicate the drawing that best described the emotion he had inferred from the stimulus |
The findings suggest that people with mild AD have difficulties making emotional interpretations of the environment, mostly due to their worsening global cognition. People with AD had an impaired ability to perceive emotions from situations, particularly when the emotions presented were relatively subtle. |
| 19 |
Werheid, 20115555. Werheid K, McDonald RS, Simmons-Stern N, Ally BA, Budson AE. Familiar smiling faces in Alzheimer’s disease: Understanding the positivity-related recognition bias. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(1):2935-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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AD 18
CG 18 |
The stimulus material consisted of 192 portraits of Caucasian faces gathered from different databases and selected based on computer-assisted 7-step valence ratings: happy, neutral, and angry |
The participants’ task was to decide whether they had previously seen a portrait of the depicted person.
Finally, on completion of the task, subjects were asked to fill out the post-test PANAS forms |
Identity discrimination: indicate whether same or different person |
The pattern of results supports the view that the positivity-induced recognition bias represents a compensatory, gist-based memory process that is applied when item-based recognition fails. |
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