Studies on semantic priming effects in right hemisphere stroke: A systematic review

Müller, Juliana de Lima; Salles, Jerusa Fumagalli de

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642013DN70200004

ABSTRACT

The role of the right cerebral hemisphere (RH) associated with semantic priming effects (SPEs) must be better understood, since the consequences of RH damage on SPE are not yet well established. Objective: The aim of this article was to investigate studies analyzing SPEs in patients affected by stroke in the RH through a systematic review, verifying whether there are deficits in SPEs, and whether performance varies depending on the type of semantic processing evaluated or stimulus in the task. Methods: A search was conducted on the LILACS, PUBMED and PSYCINFO databases. Results: Out of the initial 27 studies identified, 11 remained in the review. Difficulties in SPEs were shown in five studies. Performance does not seem to vary depending on the type of processing, but on the type of stimulus used. Conclusion: This ability should be evaluated in individuals that have suffered a stroke in the RH in order to provide treatments that will contribute to their recovery.

Key words:
priming; semantics; stroke; cerebrum

RESUMO

O papel do hemisfério cerebral direito (HD) associado aos efeitos de priming semântico (EPS) deve ser mais bem compreendido, pois as consequências de uma lesão no HD nos EPS ainda não são bem estabelecidas. Objetivo: Esse artigo tem como objetivo investigar estudos que analisaram EPS em pacientes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) no HD através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, verificando-se se há déficits nos EPS e se o desempenho varia dependendo do tipo de processamento semântico avaliado ou dos estímulos utilizados na tarefa. Métodos: Pesquisa nas bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED e PSYCINFO foram conduzidas. Resultados: Vinte e sete estudos foram identificados, dos quais 11 permaneceram na revisão. Dificuldades nos EPS foram encontradas em cinco estudos. O desempenho não parece variar dependendo do tipo de processamento, mas do tipo de estímulo utilizado. Conclusão: Essa habilidade deve ser avaliada em indivíduos que sofreram um AVC no HD, fornecendo tratamentos que contribuirão a sua recuperação.

Palavras-chave:
priming; semântico; acidente vascular cerebral; hemisférios cerebrais

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REFERENCES

Squire LR, Kandel ER. Memória: Da mente às moléculas. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2003.
Davenport JL, Potter MC. The locus of semantic priming in RSVP target search. Mem Cognition 2005;33:241-248.
Kahlaoui K, Scherer LC, Joanette Y. The Right Hemisphere's Contribution to the Processing of Semantic Relationships between Words. Lang Linguist Compass 2008;2:550-568.
Neely JH. Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In: D. Besner, G. W. Humphreys (Eds), Basic processes in reading, visual word recognition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;1991:264-336.
McNamara TP. Semantic priming: perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York: Taylor & Francis Group; 2005.
Altarriba J, Basnight-Brown DM. Methodological considerations in performing semantic - and translation - priming experiments across languages. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:1-18.
Hutchison KA. Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A micro-analytic review. Psychon Bull & Review 2003; 10:785-813.
Chiarello C, Richards L. Another look at categorical priming in the cerebral hemispheres. Neuropsychologia 1992;30:381-392.
Beeman M, Friedman RB, Grafman J, Perez E, Diamond S, Lindsay BM. Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere. J Cognitive Neurosci 1994;6:26-43.
Tompkins CA, Lehman MT. Interpreting intended meanings after right hemisphere brain damage: An analysis of evidence, potential accounts, and clinical implications. Top Stroke Rehabil 1998;5:29-47.
Kovisto M, Laine M. What is right and what is left in semantic processing: a reply to Chyarello. Laterality 2000;5:29-33.
Kovisto M, Hämäläinen H. Hemisferic semantic priming in the single word presentation task. Neuropsychologia2002;40:978-985.
Brainin M, Olsen TS, Chamorro A. Organization of Stroke Care: education, referral, emergency management and imaging, stroke units and rehabilitation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17:1-14.
Brookshire RH. Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders. Missouri: Mosby; 2003.
Fonseca RP, Ferreira GD, Liedtke FV, Müller JL, Sarmento TF, Parente MAMP. Alterações cognitivas, comunicativas e emocionais após lesão hemisférica direita: em busca de uma caracterização da Síndrome do Hemisfério Direito. Psicologia USP 2006;17:241-262.
Manning L. La neuropsychologie clinique. Paris: Armand Colin; 2005.
Ioshimoto MTA, Fleury MC, Gouveia PAR, Prade CV, Almeida CI. A terapia ocupacional e a psicologia na reablitação do paciente com AVC. In: E. Zukerman, R. A. Randt, F. M. S. Coelho, A. Pieri, M. B. Alves (Eds), Acidente Vascular Cerebral-Protocolos do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. São Paulo: Manole, 2009:165-176.
Brookshire RH. Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders., Missouri: Mosby 2003.
Springer SP, Deutsch G. Cérebro esquerdo, cérebro direito. São Paulo: Summus, 1998.
Basso A, Spinnler H, Vallar G, Zanobio ME. Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. A case study. Neuropsychologia1982;20:263-274.
Ojemann GA, Dodrill CB. Verbal Memory deficits after left temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. Mechanism and interaoperative prediction. J Neurosurg 1985;62:101-107.
Rasquin SM, Verhey FR, Lousberg R, Winkens I, Lodder J. Vascular cognitive disorders: Memory, mental speed and cognitive flexibility after stroke. J Neurol Sci 2002;203:115-119.
Cutica H, Bucciarelli M, Bara BG. Neuropragmatics: extralinguistic pragmatic ability is better preserved in left-hemisphere-damaged patients than in right-hemisphere-damaged patients. Brain Lang 2006; 98:12-25.
Fonseca RP, Fachel JMG, Chaves MLF, Liedtke FV, Parente MAMP. Right hemisphere damage: communication processing in adults evaluated by the Brazilian Protocole MEC Bateria MAC. Dement Neuropsychol 2007;1:266-275.
Stone SP, Halligan W, Greenwood RJ. The Incidence of Neglect Phenomena and Related Disorders in Patients with an Acute Right or Left Hemisphere Stroke. Age Ageing 1993;22:46-52.
Joanette Y, Goulet P, Hannequin D. Right hemisphere and verbal communication. New York: Springer-Verlag;1990.
Beausoleil N, Fortin R, LeBlanc B, Joanette Y. Unconstrained oral naming performance in right-and left-hemisphere-damaged individuals: When education overrides the lesion. Aphasiology 2003;17:143-158.
Gagnon J, Goulet P, Joanette Y. Activation of the Lexical-semantic System in Right-brain-damaged Right-handers. In: D. Hillert (Ed.), Linguistics and Cognitive Neuroscience -Teorical and Empirical Studies on Language Disorders.). Montreal: Westdeutshcer Verlag; 1994:33-48.
Atchley RA, Story J, Buchanan L. Exploring the contributions of the cerebral hemispheres to language comprehension deficits in adults with developmental language disorders. Brain Cogn 2001;46:16-20.
Nocentini U, Goulet P, Roberts PM, Joanette Y. The effects of left- versus right-hemisphere lesions on the sensitivity to intra- and interconceptual semantic relationships. Neuropsychologia2001;39:443-451.
D'Esposito M, McGlinchey-Berroth R, Alexander MP, Verfaellie M, Milberg WP. Dissociable cognitive and neural mechanisms of unilateral visual neglect. Neurology 1993;43:2638-2644.
Grindrod CM, Baum SR. Sensitivity to local sentence context information in lexical ambiguity resolution: Evidence from left- and right-hemisphere-damaged individuals. Brain Lang2003;85:503-523.
Grindrod CM, Baum SR. Hemispheric contributions to lexical ambiguity resolution in a discourse context: Evidence from individuals with unilateral left and right hemisphere lesions. Brain Cogn2005;57:70-83.
Henik A, Dronkers, NF, Knight RT, Osimani A. Differential effects of semantic and identity priming in patients with left and right hemisphere lesion. J Cognitive Neurosci1993;5:45-55.
Klepousniotou E, Baum SR. Processing homonymy and polysemy: effects of sentential context and time-course following unilateral brain damage. Brain Lang2005;95:365-82.
Klepousniotou E, Baum SR. Unilateral brain damage effects on processing homonymous and polysemous words. Brain Lang2005;93:308-326.
Làdavas E, Paladini R, Cubelli R. Implicit associative priming in a patient with left visual neglect. Neuropsychologia1993;31:1307-1320.
Shah AP, Baum SR. Perception of lexical stress by brain-damaged individuals: Effects on lexical-semantic activation. Appl Psycholinguist 2006;27:146-156.
Tompkins CA, Fassbinder W, Scharp VL, Meigh KM. Activation and maintenance of peripheral semantic features of unambiguous words after right hemisphere brain damage in adults. Aphasiology 2008;22:119-138.
Fassbinder W, Tompins CA. Hemispheric differences in Word-meaning processing: Alternative interpretations of current evidence. Aphasiology2006;20:110-122.
Markowitsch HJ. Autobiographical memory: A biocultural relais between subjects and environment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;258:98-103.
Butler P, McNamara P, Ghofrani J, Raymon D. Disease-associated differences in religious cognition in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Clin Ex Neuropsyc 2011;33:917-928.
McDonald CR, Vauer RM, Filoteo JV, et al. Semantic priming in patients with right frontal lobe lesion. J Int Neuropsych Soc 2005;11:132-143.
Metcalfe J, Funnell M, Gazzanica MS. Right-hemisphere memory superiority: Studies of a split-brain patient. Psych Sci 1995;6:157-164.
Versace R, Auge A, Thomas-Antérion C, Laurent B. Affective priming effects in the left and right cerebral hemisphere in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aging Neuropsychol C 2002;9:127-134.
Copland DA, Chenery H, Murdoch BE. Hemispheric contributions to lexical ambiguity resolution: Evidence from individuals with complex language impairment following left-hemisphere lesions. Brain Lang2002; 81:131-143.
Smith-Conway ER, Chenery HJ, Angwin AJ, Copland DA. A dual task priming investigation of right hemisphere inhibition for people with left hemisphere lesion. Behav Brain Funct 2012;8:3-17.
Beeman MJ, Bowden EM, Gernbacher MA. Right and left hemisphere cooperation for drawing predictive and coherence inferences during normal story comprehension. Brain Lang2000;71:310-336.
Prat CS. Hemispheric differences in discourse representation: Insight into right hemisphere discourse processes [abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International: The Sciences and Engineering 2004; section B:3192.
Nakamura K, Oga T, Takahashi M, et al. Symmetrical hemispheric priming in spatial neglect: A hyperactive left-hemisphere phenomenon? Cortex 2012;48:421-428.
Nakamura K, Oga T, Fukuyama H. Task-sensitivity of unconscious word processing in spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia2012;50:1570-1577.
Vuilleumier P, Mohr C, Valenza N, Wetzel C, Landis T. Hiperfamiliarity for unknown faces after left lateral temporo-occipital venous infarction: a double dissociation with prosopagnosia. Brain 2003;126:889-907.
Tompkins CA, Flowers CR. Contextual mood priming following left and right hemisphere damage. Brain Cogn1978;6:361-376.
Kroll NEA, Yonelinas AP, Kishiyama MM, Baynes K, Knight RT, Gazzaniga MS. The neural substrates of visual implicit memory: do the two hemispheres play different roles? J Cognitive Neurosci2003;15:833-842.
Beeri MS, Vakil E, Adonsky A, Levendron S. The role of the cerebral hemispheres in specific versus abstract priming. Laterality 2004;9:313-323.
Müller JL. Efeitos de priming semântico em pacientes com lesão no hemisfério cerebral direito (Unpublished master's thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil; 2012.
Frishkoff GA. Hemispheric differences in strong versus weak semantic priming: evidence from event-related brain potentials. Brain Lang2007;100:23-43.
Jung-Beeman M. Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:512-518.
Kircher TT, Liddle PF, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: preliminary findings from a functional magnetic resonance imaging stydy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:769-774.
Thompkins CA, Baumgaertner A, Lehman MT, Fassbinder W. Mechanisms of discourse comprehension impairment after right hemisphere brain damage: suppression in lexical ambiguity resolution. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2000;43:62-78.
Beeman MJ, Chiarello C. Complementary right and left hemisphere language comprehension. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 1998;7:2-8.
Ferré P, Ska B, Lajoie C, Bleau A, Joanette Y. Clinical focus on prosodic, discursive and pragmatic treatment for right hemisphere damaged adults: What's right? Rehabil Res Pract 2011;2011:1-10.
Salles JF, Holderbaum CS, Parente MAMP, Mansur L, Ansaldo AI. Semantic processing in the semantic priming paradigm in aphasic patients. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 2012;70:718-726.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2013

History

Received
26 Nov 2012
Accepted
04 Apr 2013

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] Squire LR, Kandel ER. Memória: Da mente às moléculas. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2003.

[2] Davenport JL, Potter MC. The locus of semantic priming in RSVP target search. Mem Cognition 2005;33:241-248.

[3] Kahlaoui K, Scherer LC, Joanette Y. The Right Hemisphere's Contribution to the Processing of Semantic Relationships between Words. Lang Linguist Compass 2008;2:550-568.

[4] Neely JH. Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In: D. Besner, G. W. Humphreys (Eds), Basic processes in reading, visual word recognition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;1991:264-336.

[5] McNamara TP. Semantic priming: perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York: Taylor & Francis Group; 2005.

[6] Altarriba J, Basnight-Brown DM. Methodological considerations in performing semantic - and translation - priming experiments across languages. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:1-18.

[7] Hutchison KA. Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A micro-analytic review. Psychon Bull & Review 2003; 10:785-813.

[8] Chiarello C, Richards L. Another look at categorical priming in the cerebral hemispheres. Neuropsychologia 1992;30:381-392.

[9] Beeman M, Friedman RB, Grafman J, Perez E, Diamond S, Lindsay BM. Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere. J Cognitive Neurosci 1994;6:26-43.

[10] Tompkins CA, Lehman MT. Interpreting intended meanings after right hemisphere brain damage: An analysis of evidence, potential accounts, and clinical implications. Top Stroke Rehabil 1998;5:29-47.

[11] Kovisto M, Laine M. What is right and what is left in semantic processing: a reply to Chyarello. Laterality 2000;5:29-33.

[12] Kovisto M, Hämäläinen H. Hemisferic semantic priming in the single word presentation task. Neuropsychologia2002;40:978-985.

[13] Brainin M, Olsen TS, Chamorro A. Organization of Stroke Care: education, referral, emergency management and imaging, stroke units and rehabilitation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17:1-14.

[14] Brookshire RH. Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders. Missouri: Mosby; 2003.

[15] Fonseca RP, Ferreira GD, Liedtke FV, Müller JL, Sarmento TF, Parente MAMP. Alterações cognitivas, comunicativas e emocionais após lesão hemisférica direita: em busca de uma caracterização da Síndrome do Hemisfério Direito. Psicologia USP 2006;17:241-262.

[16] Manning L. La neuropsychologie clinique. Paris: Armand Colin; 2005.

[17] Ioshimoto MTA, Fleury MC, Gouveia PAR, Prade CV, Almeida CI. A terapia ocupacional e a psicologia na reablitação do paciente com AVC. In: E. Zukerman, R. A. Randt, F. M. S. Coelho, A. Pieri, M. B. Alves (Eds), Acidente Vascular Cerebral-Protocolos do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. São Paulo: Manole, 2009:165-176.

[18] Brookshire RH. Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders., Missouri: Mosby 2003.

[19] Springer SP, Deutsch G. Cérebro esquerdo, cérebro direito. São Paulo: Summus, 1998.

[20] Basso A, Spinnler H, Vallar G, Zanobio ME. Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. A case study. Neuropsychologia1982;20:263-274.

[21] Ojemann GA, Dodrill CB. Verbal Memory deficits after left temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. Mechanism and interaoperative prediction. J Neurosurg 1985;62:101-107.

[22] Rasquin SM, Verhey FR, Lousberg R, Winkens I, Lodder J. Vascular cognitive disorders: Memory, mental speed and cognitive flexibility after stroke. J Neurol Sci 2002;203:115-119.

[23] Cutica H, Bucciarelli M, Bara BG. Neuropragmatics: extralinguistic pragmatic ability is better preserved in left-hemisphere-damaged patients than in right-hemisphere-damaged patients. Brain Lang 2006; 98:12-25.

[24] Fonseca RP, Fachel JMG, Chaves MLF, Liedtke FV, Parente MAMP. Right hemisphere damage: communication processing in adults evaluated by the Brazilian Protocole MEC Bateria MAC. Dement Neuropsychol 2007;1:266-275.

[25] Stone SP, Halligan W, Greenwood RJ. The Incidence of Neglect Phenomena and Related Disorders in Patients with an Acute Right or Left Hemisphere Stroke. Age Ageing 1993;22:46-52.

[26] Joanette Y, Goulet P, Hannequin D. Right hemisphere and verbal communication. New York: Springer-Verlag;1990.

[27] Beausoleil N, Fortin R, LeBlanc B, Joanette Y. Unconstrained oral naming performance in right-and left-hemisphere-damaged individuals: When education overrides the lesion. Aphasiology 2003;17:143-158.

[28] Gagnon J, Goulet P, Joanette Y. Activation of the Lexical-semantic System in Right-brain-damaged Right-handers. In: D. Hillert (Ed.), Linguistics and Cognitive Neuroscience -Teorical and Empirical Studies on Language Disorders.). Montreal: Westdeutshcer Verlag; 1994:33-48.

[29] Atchley RA, Story J, Buchanan L. Exploring the contributions of the cerebral hemispheres to language comprehension deficits in adults with developmental language disorders. Brain Cogn 2001;46:16-20.

[30] Nocentini U, Goulet P, Roberts PM, Joanette Y. The effects of left- versus right-hemisphere lesions on the sensitivity to intra- and interconceptual semantic relationships. Neuropsychologia2001;39:443-451.

[31] D'Esposito M, McGlinchey-Berroth R, Alexander MP, Verfaellie M, Milberg WP. Dissociable cognitive and neural mechanisms of unilateral visual neglect. Neurology 1993;43:2638-2644.

[32] Grindrod CM, Baum SR. Sensitivity to local sentence context information in lexical ambiguity resolution: Evidence from left- and right-hemisphere-damaged individuals. Brain Lang2003;85:503-523.

[33] Grindrod CM, Baum SR. Hemispheric contributions to lexical ambiguity resolution in a discourse context: Evidence from individuals with unilateral left and right hemisphere lesions. Brain Cogn2005;57:70-83.

[34] Henik A, Dronkers, NF, Knight RT, Osimani A. Differential effects of semantic and identity priming in patients with left and right hemisphere lesion. J Cognitive Neurosci1993;5:45-55.

[35] Klepousniotou E, Baum SR. Processing homonymy and polysemy: effects of sentential context and time-course following unilateral brain damage. Brain Lang2005;95:365-82.

[36] Klepousniotou E, Baum SR. Unilateral brain damage effects on processing homonymous and polysemous words. Brain Lang2005;93:308-326.

[37] Làdavas E, Paladini R, Cubelli R. Implicit associative priming in a patient with left visual neglect. Neuropsychologia1993;31:1307-1320.

[38] Shah AP, Baum SR. Perception of lexical stress by brain-damaged individuals: Effects on lexical-semantic activation. Appl Psycholinguist 2006;27:146-156.

[39] Tompkins CA, Fassbinder W, Scharp VL, Meigh KM. Activation and maintenance of peripheral semantic features of unambiguous words after right hemisphere brain damage in adults. Aphasiology 2008;22:119-138.

[40] Fassbinder W, Tompins CA. Hemispheric differences in Word-meaning processing: Alternative interpretations of current evidence. Aphasiology2006;20:110-122.

[41] Markowitsch HJ. Autobiographical memory: A biocultural relais between subjects and environment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;258:98-103.

[42] Butler P, McNamara P, Ghofrani J, Raymon D. Disease-associated differences in religious cognition in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Clin Ex Neuropsyc 2011;33:917-928.

[43] McDonald CR, Vauer RM, Filoteo JV, et al. Semantic priming in patients with right frontal lobe lesion. J Int Neuropsych Soc 2005;11:132-143.

[44] Metcalfe J, Funnell M, Gazzanica MS. Right-hemisphere memory superiority: Studies of a split-brain patient. Psych Sci 1995;6:157-164.

[45] Versace R, Auge A, Thomas-Antérion C, Laurent B. Affective priming effects in the left and right cerebral hemisphere in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aging Neuropsychol C 2002;9:127-134.

[46] Copland DA, Chenery H, Murdoch BE. Hemispheric contributions to lexical ambiguity resolution: Evidence from individuals with complex language impairment following left-hemisphere lesions. Brain Lang2002; 81:131-143.

[47] Smith-Conway ER, Chenery HJ, Angwin AJ, Copland DA. A dual task priming investigation of right hemisphere inhibition for people with left hemisphere lesion. Behav Brain Funct 2012;8:3-17.

[48] Beeman MJ, Bowden EM, Gernbacher MA. Right and left hemisphere cooperation for drawing predictive and coherence inferences during normal story comprehension. Brain Lang2000;71:310-336.

[49] Prat CS. Hemispheric differences in discourse representation: Insight into right hemisphere discourse processes [abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International: The Sciences and Engineering 2004; section B:3192.

[50] Nakamura K, Oga T, Takahashi M, et al. Symmetrical hemispheric priming in spatial neglect: A hyperactive left-hemisphere phenomenon? Cortex 2012;48:421-428.

[51] Nakamura K, Oga T, Fukuyama H. Task-sensitivity of unconscious word processing in spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia2012;50:1570-1577.

[52] Vuilleumier P, Mohr C, Valenza N, Wetzel C, Landis T. Hiperfamiliarity for unknown faces after left lateral temporo-occipital venous infarction: a double dissociation with prosopagnosia. Brain 2003;126:889-907.

[53] Tompkins CA, Flowers CR. Contextual mood priming following left and right hemisphere damage. Brain Cogn1978;6:361-376.

[54] Kroll NEA, Yonelinas AP, Kishiyama MM, Baynes K, Knight RT, Gazzaniga MS. The neural substrates of visual implicit memory: do the two hemispheres play different roles? J Cognitive Neurosci2003;15:833-842.

[55] Beeri MS, Vakil E, Adonsky A, Levendron S. The role of the cerebral hemispheres in specific versus abstract priming. Laterality 2004;9:313-323.

[56] Müller JL. Efeitos de priming semântico em pacientes com lesão no hemisfério cerebral direito (Unpublished master's thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil; 2012.

[57] Frishkoff GA. Hemispheric differences in strong versus weak semantic priming: evidence from event-related brain potentials. Brain Lang2007;100:23-43.

[58] Jung-Beeman M. Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:512-518.

[59] Kircher TT, Liddle PF, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: preliminary findings from a functional magnetic resonance imaging stydy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:769-774.

[60] Thompkins CA, Baumgaertner A, Lehman MT, Fassbinder W. Mechanisms of discourse comprehension impairment after right hemisphere brain damage: suppression in lexical ambiguity resolution. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2000;43:62-78.

[61] Beeman MJ, Chiarello C. Complementary right and left hemisphere language comprehension. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 1998;7:2-8.

[62] Ferré P, Ska B, Lajoie C, Bleau A, Joanette Y. Clinical focus on prosodic, discursive and pragmatic treatment for right hemisphere damaged adults: What's right? Rehabil Res Pract 2011;2011:1-10.

[63] Salles JF, Holderbaum CS, Parente MAMP, Mansur L, Ansaldo AI. Semantic processing in the semantic priming paradigm in aphasic patients. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 2012;70:718-726.

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