EVALUATING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MUTATED JATROPHA CURCAS SEED OILS AND THEIR FEASIBILITY AS NEW FEEDSTOCKS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Satar, Ibdal; Permadi, Adi; Ahmed, Waled A.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42nepe20220093/2022

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Special Issue: Energy in Agriculture • Eng. agríc. 42 (spe) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42nepe20220093/2022 copy

EVALUATING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MUTATED JATROPHA CURCAS SEED OILS AND THEIR FEASIBILITY AS NEW FEEDSTOCKS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The physicochemical properties of Jatropha curcas (JC) seed oils are related to the plant varieties and affect the biodiesel quality when it is used as feedstock. This work investigates the physicochemical properties and feasibility of mutated JC seed oil for biodiesel feedstock. Three mutated JC seed oils, from JC-150, JC-226 and JC-300, were successfully evaluated. The oil contents were determined by using gravimetry methods. The AV, FFA, IV and PV were determined by using titrimetric methods. Types of fatty acids were analyzed by using a GC-FID. The triacylglycerol (TAG) and PE compositions were determined by using a HPLC-ELSD. The results show that the oil contents of JC-150, JC-226 and JC-300 seeds were 48.3%, 45.8%, and 51.7%, respectively. The PE contents in JC-150, JC-226 and JC-300 were lower (approximately 33.4%, 46.9% and 96.4%) compared to the control. The oleic and linoleic acids were two main components of all samples, with compositions in the range 41.82-42.45% and 36.68-37.45%, respectively. The compositions of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated TAG were obtained in the range 71.60–76.22% and 19.62–24.53%, respectively. These results show that the properties of mutated JC seed oils meet with the requirements for biodiesel production.

biodiesel; fatty acid; mutated JC; physicochemical properties; triacylglycerol

Parameter	JC – 0	JC–150	JC–226	JC–300
Seed moisture (%)	9.63 ± 0.06	8.30 ± 0.01	9.40 ± 0.01	8.80 ± 0.01
Oil content (%)	45.5 ± 0.1	48.3 ± 0.1	45.8 ± 0.1	51.7 ± 0.1
Oil moisture (%)	0.24 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.01
Acid value (mg KOH/g)	7.0 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.3
% FFA as oleic acid	3.5 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1
Density (g/ml)	0.90 ± 0.01	0.89 ± 0.01	0.90 ± 0.01	0.89 ± 0.01
Viscosity (cSt)	23.9 ± 0.1	23.6 ± 0.1	24.9 ± 0.1	23.5 ± 0.1
Iodine (mg I₂/g)	95.7 ± 0.1	94.2 ± 0.1	95.4 ± 0.1	94.2 ± 0.8
Saponification value (mg KOH/g)	213.7 ± 0.8	207.1 ± 3.2	208.5 ± 0.8	206.0 ±2.2
Un-saponification material (%)	0.6 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1
Peroxide (meq/kg)	0.5 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1
Energy content (kJ/g)	40.5 ± 0.1	39.2 ± 0.1	39.1 ± 0.1	38.1 ± 0.1
Phorbol ester content (%) *	3.84 ± 0.58	2.56 ± 0.67	2.04 ± 0.76	0.14 ± 0.05

Fatty acids (%)	JC-T (2^nd gen.)	JC–150 (2^nd gen.)	JC–226 (2^nd gen.)	JC–226 (2^nd gen.)	Taxus baccata (2^nd gen.)	Scenedesmus obliquus (3^rd gen.)	Ulothrix (3^rd gen.)	Mentha pulegium (4^th gen.)
Palmitic (C_16:0)	12.76 ± 0.14	13.28 ± 0.38	12.99 ± 0.62	13.39 ± 0.26	30.59	42	38.65	19.30
Palmitolic (C_16:1)	0.15 ± 0.25	0.51 ± 0.04	0.56 ± 0.02	0.52 ± 0.07	0.16	-	-	1.00
Stearic (C_18:0)	7.61 ± 0.18	7.16 ± 1.40	6.61 ± 0.03	6.82 ± 0.66	4.03	7	5.30	1.49
Oleic (C_18:1)	44.39 ± 0.41	41.82 ± 2.90	42.39 ± 0.01	42.45 ± 1.41	20.02	36	26.75	54.04
Linoleic (C_18:2)	35.09 ± 0.17	36.68 ± 4.32	37.45 ± 0.08	36.81 ± 2.25	30.37	20	19.38	10.52
Linolenic (C_18:3)	-	-	-	-	1.69	13.8	3.20	1.74
Others	-	-	-	-	13.14^a	-	6.72^b	11.91^c
SFA	20.37	20.44	19.60	20.21	43.96*	49*	44.02*	22.49*
MUFA	44.54	42.33	42.95	42.97	22.53*	36*	33.45*	65.25*
PUFA	35.09 ± 0.17	36.68 ± 4.32	37.45 ± 0.08	36.81 ± 2.25	33.51*	33.8*	22.53*	12.26*
References	This work	This work	This work	This work	(Jafarihaghighi et al. 2022Jafarihaghighi F, Bahrami H, Ardjmand M, Mirzajanzadeh M, Haghighi BJ, Mahdavi A (2022) Comparing among second, third, and fourth generations (genetically modified) of biodiesel feedstocks from the perspective of engine, exhaust gasses and fatty acid: Comparative assessment. CLCE 2:100025.)	(Mendonça et al. 2022Mendonça HVD, Otenio MH, Marchão L, Lomeu A, Souza DSd, Reis A (2022) Biofuel recovery from microalgae biomass grown in dairy wastewater treated with activated sludge: The next step in sustainable production. Science Total of the Environment 824:153838.)	(Jafarihaghighi et al. 2022Jafarihaghighi F, Bahrami H, Ardjmand M, Mirzajanzadeh M, Haghighi BJ, Mahdavi A (2022) Comparing among second, third, and fourth generations (genetically modified) of biodiesel feedstocks from the perspective of engine, exhaust gasses and fatty acid: Comparative assessment. CLCE 2:100025.)	(Jafarihaghighi et al. 2022Jafarihaghighi F, Bahrami H, Ardjmand M, Mirzajanzadeh M, Haghighi BJ, Mahdavi A (2022) Comparing among second, third, and fourth generations (genetically modified) of biodiesel feedstocks from the perspective of engine, exhaust gasses and fatty acid: Comparative assessment. CLCE 2:100025.)

TAGs	ECN	Relative compositions (%)

		JC – 0	JC–150	JC–226	JC–300
Polyunsaturated
LLL	42	4.8 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 1.2	3.9 ± 0.9	3.8 ± 1.0
OLL	44	17.1 ± 1.1	13.3 ± 1.5	14.8 ± 2.3	17.5 ± 0.4
POL+SLL	44	6.7 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.4	7.2 ± 0.6	6.4 ± 0.8
PLL	44	19.1 ± 1.2	17.3 ± 0.3	17.3 ± 0.3	21.4 ± 1.3
OOL	46	17.6 ± 1.1	23.5 ± 2.9	17.9 ± 0.3	18.5 ± 0.6
OOO	48	9.3 ± 0.6	8.7 ± 0.8	9.5 ± 0.2	9.9 ± 0.6
SOO	48	0.2 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.3	0.4 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.1
Monounsaturated
PPL	46	1.3 ± 0.5	1.7 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.2
POP	48	18.2 ± 1.5	22.7 ± 0.2	22.9 ± 0.2	17.1 ± 1.1
POS	50	0.1 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.1	0.0
Saturated
PPP	48	3.1 ± 1.0	2.8 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.6
Unknown	-	0.5 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.2

Parameter	Biodiesel				EN 14214

	JOME – 0*	JOME–150	JOME-226	JOME–300
Acid value (mg KOH/g)	0.32	0.26	0.30	0.26	max. 0.5
FFA (%)	0.16	0.13	0.15	0.13	-
Water content (ppm)	150	100	140	130	500
Iodine value (mg I₂/g)	111.5	121.3	113.4	111.5	120
Density (24 ⁰C, g/ml)	0.87	0.87	0.87	0.87	0.86 - 0.90
Viscosity (40, cSt)	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.9	3.5 – 5.0
Caloric value (kJ/g)	38.9	37.9	38.4	38.9	-
Cetane number	52.2	52.5	52.0	52.2	min. 47
Cloud point (⁰C)	7	7	7	8	-
Flash point (⁰C)	157	158	158	157	-
Ash content (%)	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.010	-
Methyl ester (%)	99.1	98.6	98.8	99.1	>96.5
Yield (%) using NaOH as catalyst	89.3	91.1	89.4	91.2	-

Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola SBEA - Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas FCAV/UNESP, Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 5, 14884.900 | Jaboticabal - SP, Tel./Fax: +55 16 3209 7619 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
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[1] 1*Corresponding author. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD), 55166 Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta Indonesia. E-mail: ibdal@tp.uad.ac.id