Effects of the exposure of peruvian older adults to the infodemic on COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

Zevallos-Cotrina, Anita del Rosario; Lavado-Huarcaya, Sofia Sabina; Castañeda-Cruzado, Consuelo Guadalupe; Nureña-Montenegro, Julia María; Heredia-Mondragón, Mary Judith; Fhon, Jack Roberto Silva

doi:10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2022-0459en

Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina

conception of study design

data acquisition

analysis of data

interpretation of results

writing and critical revision of the manuscript

approval of the final version of the article

responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article

Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Escuela de Enfermería. Chiclayo, Peru.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-5829

Sofia Sabina Lavado-Huarcaya

interpretation of results

writing and critical revision of the manuscript

approval of the final version of the article

responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article

Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Escuela de Enfermería. Chiclayo, Peru.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5755-3066

Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado

conception of study design

data acquisition

analysis of data

interpretation of results

writing and critical revision of the manuscript

approval of the final version of the article

responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article

Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Escuela de Enfermería. Chiclayo, Peru.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-9569

Julia María Nureña-Montenegro

conception of study design

data acquisition

analysis of data

interpretation of results

writing and critical revision of the manuscript

approval of the final version of the article

responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article

Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Escuela de Enfermería. Chiclayo, Peru.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-1888

Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón

conception of study design

data acquisition

analysis of data

interpretation of results

writing and critical revision of the manuscript

approval of the final version of the article

responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article

Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Escuela de Enfermería. Chiclayo, Peru.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-5637

Jack Roberto Silva Fhon

interpretation of results

writing and critical revision of the manuscript

approval of the final version of the article

responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-4379

Corresponding author: Sofia Sabina Lavado Huarcaya. E-mail: slavado@usat.edu.pe

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS

Conception of study design. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro.

Data acquisition. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro.

Analysis of data. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro.

Interpretation of results. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro. Sofia Sabina Lavado-Huarcaya. Jack Roberto Silva Fhon.

Writing and critical revision of the manuscript. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Sofia Sabina Lavado-Huarcaya. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Jack Roberto Silva Fhon.

Approval of the final version of the article. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Sofia Sabina Lavado-Huarcaya. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Jack Roberto Silva Fhon.

Responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article. Anita del Rosario Zevallos-Cotrina. Sofia Sabina Lavado-Huarcaya. Consuelo Guadalupe Castañeda-Cruzado. Julia María Nureña-Montenegro. Mary Judith Heredia-Mondragón. Jack Roberto Silva Fhon.

ASSOCIATED EDITOR
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-9906
Antonio José de Almeida Filho

SCIENTIFIC EDITOR
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-9516
Ivone Evangelista Cabral

Variables	Categories	n	%
Gender	Male	121	31.3
	Female	266	68.7
Age	60 - 70	234	60.5
	71 - 80	105	27.1
	> 80	48	12.4
Number of Children	0	29	7.5
	1 - 5	282	72.9
	6 - 9	65	16.8
	10 - 12	11	2.8
Marital status	Single	42	10.8
	Married/cohabiting	220	56.8
	Divorced/separated	29	7.5
	Widower	96	24.8
Level of Education	No studies	27	7.0
	Primary	103	26.6
	Secondary	117	30.2
	Superior	129	33.3
	Postgraduate	11	2.8
Race	White	70	18.1
	Black	18	4.7
	Mixed race	292	75.5
	Brown	4	1.0
	Other	3	0.8
Housing	Own house	334	86.3
	Rent house	12	3.1
	Family home	39	10.1
	Others	2	0.5
Residence	Rural area	50	12.9
	Urban area	337	87.1
Use of health services	Free health services	181	46.8
	Paid health services	82	21.2
	I use both	116	30.0
	None	8	2.1
Affected income	No	165	42.6
	Income has increased	24	6.2
	Income has decreased	198	51.2

Physical symptoms	Internet M (=DS)	p	Television M (=DS)	p	Radio M (=DS)	p		P
Cold sweats or chills
No	1.19 (1.8)	0.15	1.77 (1.5)	0.00^ p<0.01	0.68 (1.1)	0.00**	1.35 (2.5)	0.00**
Yes	1.75 (3.9)	0.15	2.78 (3.3)	0.00^ p<0.01	2.17 (4.8)	0.00**	2.69 (3.9)	0.00**
Decreased sexual desire
No	1.41 (2.8)	0.34	2.01 (2.2)	0.07	1.13 (3.2)	0.00	1.86 (3.1)	0.29
Yes	1.43 (3.1)	0.34	2.76 (3.2)	0.07	1.79 (3.3)	0.00	2.00 (3.5)	0.29
Digestive problems
No	1.14 (2.1)	0.66	2.02 (2.3)	0.12	0.79 (1.9)	0.00**	1.70 (3.1)	0.01*
Yes	1.80 (3.6)	0.66	2.39 (2.6)	0.12	1.96 (4.4)	0.00**	2.16 (3.3)	0.01*
Dry mouth
No	1.28 (1.8)	0.02*	1.81 (1.5)	0.02^* * p < 0.05	0.74 (1.1)	0.01*	1.66 (2.9)	0.10
Yes	1.60 (3.8)	0.02*	2.68 (3.2)	0.02^* * p < 0.05	2.02 (4.7)	0.01*	2.20 (3.6)	0.10
Lack of energy
No	1.18 (1.8)	0.55	1.83 (1.6)	0.23	0.88 (1.3)	0.58	1.85 (3.2)	0.73
Yes	1.54 (3.2)	0.55	2.36 (2.8)	0.23	1.49 (3.9)	0.58	1.91 (3.2)	0.73
Chest tightness
No	1.17 (1.6)	0.12	1.76 (1.4)	0.02*	0.76 (1.2)	0.05*	1.73 (3.1)	0.00**
Yes	1.73 (3.8)		2.71 (3.2)		1.93 (4.6)		2.09 (3.3)
Difficulty breathing
No	1.40 (2.5)	0.14	1.76 (1.4)	0.02*	1.14 (3.2)	0.03*	1.73 (2.8)	0.18
Yes	1.43 (3.3)	0.14	2.87 (3.4)	0.02*	1.50 (3.3)	0.03*	2.15 (3.7)	0.18
Tremor
No	1.34 (2.5)	0.39	1.81 (1.6)	0.01*	1.06 (3.1)	0.00**	1.66 (2.8)	0.00**
Yes	1.55 (3.5)	0.39	2.88 (3.4)	0.01*	1.69 (3.4)	0.00**	2.33 (3.8)	0.00**
Headache
No	1.06 (1.4)	0.27	1.64 (1.5)	0.00**	0.60 (0.9)	0.00**	1.43 (2.8)	0.00**
Yes	1.71 (3.6)	0.27	2.63 (2.9)	0.00**	1.85 (4.2)	0.00**	2.28 (3.5)	0.00**
Muscle pains
No	1.40 (2.7)	0.16	1.87 (1.6)	0.40	1.24 (3.7)	0.15	1.73 (3.2)	0.01*
Yes	1.42 (2.9)	0.16	2.41 (2.9)	0.40	1.30 (2.8)	0.15	2.01 (3.2)	0.01*
Sleeping problems
No	1.43 (2.9)	0.44	1.79 (1.6)	0.14	1.54 (4.1)	0.73	1.99 (3.4)	0.76
Yes	1.40 (2.8)	0.44	2.38 (2.7)	0.14	1.14 (2.6)	0.73	1.83 (3.1)	0.76
Nutritional problems
No	1.39 (2.5)	0.06	1.80 (1.4)	0.17	1.10 (3.3)	0.00**	1.67 (2.9)	0.00**
Yes	1.45 (3.2)	0.06	2.66 (3.3)	0.17	1.50 (3.1)	0.00**	2.17 (3.5)	0.00**
Palpitations
No	1.37 (2.5)	0.11	1.75 (1.4)	0.00**	1.11 (3.2)	0.01*	1.61 (2.8)	0.00**
Yes	1.48 (3.3)	0.11	2.86 (3.4)	0.00**	1.55 (3.3)	0.01*	2.33 (3.7)	0.00**
Fatigue
No	1.09 (1.7)	0.67	1.91 (1.6)	0.83	0.79 (1.0)	0.72	1.60 (3.0)	0.21
Yes	1.59 (3.3)	0.67	2.32 (2.8)	0.83	1.54 (3.9)	0.72	2.05 (3.3)	0.21

Psychological symptoms	Internet M (=DS)	p	Television M (=DS)	p	Radio M (=DS)	p	Newspaper M (=DS)	P
Lack of hope
No	1.11 (1.5)	0.96	1.78 (1.8)	0.02^* * p < 0.05	0.78 (1.0)	0.56	1.92 (3.5)	0.68
Yes	1.53 (3.2)	0.96	2.33 (2.6)	0.02^* * p < 0.05	1.47 (3.7)	0.56	1.88 (3.1)	0.68
Irritation
No	1.04 (1.4)	0.45	1.60 (1.4)	0.00^ p<0.01	0.71 (1.1)	0.01*	1.41 (2.7)	0.00**
Yes	1.75 (3.7)	0.45	2.71 (3.0)	0.00^ p<0.01	1.79 (4.3)	0.01*	2.33 (3.5)	0.00**
Unwillingness
No	1.10 (1.7)	0.50	1.74 (1.6)	0.02*	0.93 (1.9)	0.25	1.90 (3.2)	0.87
Yes	1.59 (3.3)	0.50	2.42 (2.8)	0.02*	1.47 (3.8)	0.25	1.89 (3.2)	0.87
Fear of getting sick
No	0.57 (1.0)	0.01*	1.58 (1.4)	0.06	0.84 (1.2)	1.00	1.41 (3.6)	0.01*
Yes	1.52 (3.0)	0.01*	2.25 (2.5)	0.06	1.33 (3.4)	1.00	1.95 (3.1)	0.01*
Nervousness
No	0.72 (1.0)	0.01*	1.64 (1.5)	0.01*	0.77 (1.2)	0.21	1.48 (3.2)	0.00**
Yes	1.70 (3.3)	0.01*	2.39 (2.7)	0.01*	1.48 (3.7)	0.21	2.06 (3.2)	0.00**
Panic
No	1.01 (1.2)	0.30	1.68 (1.4)	0.00**	0.74 (1.2)	0.01*	1.36 (2.7)	0.00**
Yes	1.77 (3.7)	0.30	2.61 (3.0)	0.00**	1.75 (4.2)	0.01*	2.35 (3.5)	0.00**
Fear of dying
No	0.66 (1.0)	0.00**	1.73 (1.8)	0.04*	1.00 (1.4)	0.52	1.58 (3.2)	0.04*
Yes	1.60 (3.1)	0.00**	2.29 (2.6)	0.04*	1.34 (3.5)	0.52	1.97 (3.2)	0.04*
Lack of interest
No	1.23 (2.1)	0.30	1.98 (1.8)	0.62	1.07 (1.9)	0.57	1.99 (3.2)	0.45
Yes	1.53 (3.2)	0.30	2.30 (2.8)	0.62	1.41 (3.8)	0.57	1.82 (3.2)	0.45
Worry
No	0.58 (0.8)	0.00**	1.81 (1.2)	0.84	0.80 (1.1)	0.54	1.47 (3.2)	0.22
Yes	1.56 (3.0)	0.00**	2.24 (2.6)	0.84	1.36 (3.5)	0.54	1.96 (3.2)	0.22
Willingness to die
No	1.47 (2.5)	0.00**	1.91 (1.7)	0.29	1.13 (3.1)	0.00**	1.84 (3.0)	0.09
Yes	1.26 (3.6)	0.00**	2.90 (3.8)	0.29	1.66 (3.5)	0.00**	2.03 (3.8)	0.09
Anxiety
No	0.76 (1.3)	0.00**	1.83 (1.4)	0.61	0.94 (1.4)	0.98	1.81 (3.5)	0.53
Yes	1.64 (3.2)	0.00**	2.30 (2.7)	0.61	1.39 (3.7)	0.98	1.92 (3.1)	0.53
Sadness
No	0.96 (2.9)	0.02*	2.04 (2.9)	0.41	1.04 (2.9)	0.27	2.01 (4.8)	0.03*
Yes	1.52 (2.8)	0.02*	2.21 (2.3)	0.41	1.33 (3.3)	0.27	1.86 (2.7)	0.03*
Unjustified fear
No	0.99 (1.3)	0.94	1.60 (1.2)	0.00**	0.64 (1.1)	0.00**	1.32 (2.4)	0.00**
Yes	1.72 (3.5)	0.94	2.60 (2.9)	0.00**	1.74 (4.1)	0.00**	2.31 (3.7)	0.00**
Discouragement
No	1.23 (2.5)	0.79	2.03 (2.5)	0.65	1.00 (2.4)	0.44	1.95 (3.7)	0.30
Yes	1.51 (3.0)	0.79	2.26 (2.4)	0.65	1.42 (3.6)	0.44	1.86 (2.9)	0.30
Anger
No	0.99 (1.4)	0.71	1.72 (1.6)	0.00**	0.63 (1.1)	0.00**	1.58 (2.7)	0.00**
Yes	2.10 (4.2)	0.71	2.92 (3.3)	0.00**	2.32 (4.9)	0.00**	2.39 (3.9)	0.00**
Fear of loved ones dying
No	0.68 (1.2)	0.02*	1.76 (1.4)	0.49	0.84 (1.0)	0.80	1.60 (3.5)	0.29
Yes	1.51 (3.0)	0.02*	2.23 (2.5)	0.49	1.33 (3.4)	0.80	1.93 (3.2)	0.29
Willingness to be alone
No	1.54 (2.6)	0.00**	1.90 (1.7)	0.22	1.13 (3.2)	0.00**	1.66 (2.9)	0.00**
Yes	1.17 (3.2)	0.00**	2.71 (3.4)	0.22	1.55 (3.2)	0.00**	2.33 (3.7)	0.00**

Substance Use	Internet M (=DS)	p	Television M (=DS)	p	Radio M (=DS)	p	Newspaper M (=DS)	p
Alcohol or Tobacco
No	1.37 (2.4)	0.04^* * p < 0.05	2.08 (1.9)	0.76	1.18 (2.9)	0.53	1.85 (2.9)	0.82
Yes	1.77 (5.1)	0.04^* * p < 0.05	2.94 (4.9)	0.76	1.99 (5.0)	0.53	2.22 (4.9)	0.82
Illegal substances
No	1.41 (2.4)	0.00^ p<0.01	2.09 (1.8)	0.09	1.16 (2.9)	0.07	1.86 (2.9)	0.76
Yes	1.47 (5.0)	0.00^ p<0.01	2.80 (5.1)	0.09	2.17 (5.0)	0.07	2.12 (4.8)	0.76
Psychoactive drugs
No	1.47 (2.6)	0.00	1.90 (1.7)	0.07	1.19 (3.3)	0.11	1.76 (2.8)	0.29
Yes	1.30 (3.3)	0.00	2.74 (3.4)	0.07	1.44 (3.2)	0.11	2.16 (3.9)	0.29

	Internet			Television			Radio			Newspapers
Variable	Beta	p	CI 95%	Beta	p	CI 95%	Beta	P	CI 95%	Beta	p	CI 95%
Age	-0.09	<0.001	-0.13- -0.05	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Anger	1.58	0.001	1.65-2.51	-	-	-	1.86	<0.001	1.87-2.85	-	-	-
Digestive problems	1.24	0.002	1.46-2.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nutritional problem	-1.41	0.001	-2.23- -0.59	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Worry	1.04	0.01	1.23-1.85	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Decreased libido	-1.10	0.04	-2.19- -0.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Fear	1.36	0001	1.59-2.14	0.61	0.02	0.09-0.14	-	-	-	1.19	0.01	1.23-2.15
Irritation	-	-	-	0.60	0.02	0.09-0.11	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sleep problems	-	-	-	-	-	-	-1.13	0.004	-1.89- -0.37	-	-	-
Chills	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.51	0.002	1.57-2.46	1.22	0.02	1.13-2.31
Tremors	-	-	-	-	-	-	-1.92	0.002	-3.16- -0.69	-	-	-
Headache	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.12	0.01	1.26-1.98	-	-	-
Lack of hope	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-1.04	0.02	-1.96- -0.12

[1] Corresponding author: Sofia Sabina Lavado Huarcaya. E-mail: slavado@usat.edu.pe

Brasil

Brasil

Effects of the exposure of peruvian older adults to the infodemic on COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions and implications for practice