Interrupted inclusion? Higher education in Brazil in the beginning of the 21st century

Oliveira, Ana Luíza Matos de; Pochmann, Marcio; Rossi, Pedro

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Brasil

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Artigos originais • Economia e Sociedade 31 (2) • May-Aug 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2022v31n2art07 copy

Interrupted inclusion? Higher education in Brazil in the beginning of the 21st century

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the recent evolution of the access of the Brazilian population to higher education as well as the profile of students considering a set of public policies directed to higher education. The data show that, from 2001 to 2015, there was an increase in the representation of black students, as well as an increase in the number of students in Federation Units outside the South-Southeast-Brasilia axis and the percentage of low-income students. Additionally, the article discusses that the process of inclusion may be threatened by austerity policies, especially the Constitutional Amendment 95.

Keywords:
Inequality; Higher education; Public policies; Austerity

	Estima-se ter impactado no perfil dos estudantes?
	Perfil de renda	Perfil racial	Perfil regional
Reuni	Sim	Indiretamente	Sim
Ações Afirmativas	Sim	Sim	Não
Pnaes	Sim	Indiretamente	Não
ENEM	Sim	Indiretamente	Não
Prouni	Sim	Sim	Sim
FIES	Sim	Indiretamente	Sim
Bolsas Capes/CNPq	Sim	Indiretamente	Sim

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	SD
2001 – PNAD	0,30%	0,40%	0,80%	1,10%	2,60%	3,50%	8,20%	13,60%	28,40%	40,30%	0,28%
2002 – PNAD	0,50%	0,30%	0,60%	1,70%	2,80%	4,60%	7,10%	15,40%	26,70%	39,60%	0,30%
2003 – PNAD	0,60%	0,40%	0,90%	1,60%	3,10%	4,30%	8,90%	15,30%	27,70%	36,40%	0,30%
2004 – PNAD	0,40%	0,50%	0,90%	1,90%	3,20%	4,30%	8,60%	12,90%	25,70%	37,20%	4,10%
2005 – PNAD	0,50%	0,70%	1,00%	1,80%	3,30%	4,50%	9,40%	14,30%	24,40%	36,30%	3,20%
2006 – PNAD	0,40%	0,80%	1,10%	2,30%	3,60%	5,40%	8,60%	14,90%	24,00%	34,80%	3,60%
2007 – PNAD	0,80%	0,90%	1,70%	2,60%	4,30%	5,80%	10,00%	15,00%	23,60%	30,60%	4,10%
2008 – PNAD	0,90%	1,00%	1,50%	3,40%	4,90%	6,10%	10,70%	14,30%	23,20%	28,50%	5,00%
2009 – PNAD	1,00%	1,20%	1,90%	3,80%	5,50%	6,50%	10,00%	16,50%	22,20%	26,30%	4,80%
2011 – PNAD	1,90%	2,20%	2,50%	4,40%	6,20%	6,70%	10,60%	15,00%	18,00%	24,70%	7,20%
2012 – PNAD	1,90%	1,80%	3,30%	4,16%	6,64%	7,53%	11,60%	14,40%	19,60%	22,50%	6,30%
2012 – PNADC	1,10%	2,60%	4,30%	5,00%	6,70%	8,10%	10,60%	15,20%	17,50%	23,80%	4,60%
2013 – PNAD	2,10%	1,90%	3,60%	4,80%	7,00%	8,30%	10,50%	15,90%	18,40%	20,00%	7,10%
2013 – PNADC	1,40%	2,80%	4,70%	6,10%	6,60%	7,60%	12,00%	14,60%	18,10%	20,50%	5,10%
2014 – PNAD	1,80%	2,60%	4,30%	5,90%	7,70%	7,80%	11,10%	15,60%	18,80%	19,00%	4,90%
2014 – PNADC	1,80%	3,10%	4,40%	5,20%	8,60%	9,90%	11,50%	14,20%	17,40%	18,10%	5,30%
2015 – PNAD	2,10%	3,30%	4,80%	6,30%	8,40%	7,00%	13,00%	15,50%	17,30%	18,70%	3,10%
2015 – PNADC	1,80%	3,40%	4,60%	5,97%	7,32%	10,30%	11,40%	14,40%	17,40%	17,80%	5,40%
2016 – PNADC	2,00%	3,30%	5,00%	6,81%	7,22%	10,30%	9,90%	15,50%	16,80%	16,70%	6,10%
2017 – PNADC	2,00%	3,40%	5,80%	6,16%	7,53%	8,70%	8,90%	17,30%	16,20%	16,90%	6,70%

	Indígena	Branca	Preta	Amarela	Parda
2001 – PNAD	0,10%	76,70%	2,40%	1,30%	19,50%
2002 – PNAD	0,10%	75,90%	2,40%	0,80%	20,80%
2003 – PNAD	0,10%	73,70%	3,20%	1,00%	22,00%
2004 – PNAD	0,10%	70,60%	3,60%	1,10%	24,50%
2005 – PNAD	0,10%	69,30%	4,60%	1,00%	25,00%
2006 – PNAD	0,20%	68,30%	4,70%	1,20%	25,60%
2007 – PNAD	0,20%	67,40%	5,30%	0,90%	26,10%
2008 – PNAD	0,10%	65,10%	5,30%	1,10%	28,40%
2009 – PNAD	0,20%	64,30%	4,90%	0,80%	29,80%
2011 – PNAD	0,30%	61,40%	5,90%	0,80%	31,70%
2012 – PNAD	0,20%	60,10%	5,70%	0,80%	33,30%
2012 – PNADC	0,27%	60,86%	5,99%	0,99%	31,89%
2013 – PNAD	0,20%	58,70%	6,40%	0,70%	34,00%
2013 – PNADC	0,12%	58,43%	5,96%	0,46%	35,03%
2014 – PNAD	0,10%	57,20%	7,10%	0,70%	34,90%
2014 – PNADC	0,10%	57,83%	5,73%	0,92%	35,42%
2015 – PNAD	0,20%	55,60%	7,80%	0,60%	35,70%
2015 – PNADC	0,13%	55,32%	6,99%	0,67%	36,89%
2016 – PNADC	0,20%	54,06%	7,47%	0,86%	37,39%
2017 – PNADC	0,18%	51,57%	7,85%	0,79%	39,56%

	% domicílio total – PNAD	% domicílio total – PNADC	% domicílio com estudante – PNAD	% domicílio com estudante – PNADC
2001	7,06%	–	29,33%	–
2002	7,36%	–	29,80%	–
2003	7,37%	–	28,83%	–
2004	7,67%	–	28,02%	–
2005	7,89%	–	27,78%	–
2006	8,23%	–	27,71%	–
2007	8,55%	–	26,99%	–
2008	9,17%	–	25,93%	–
2009	9,66%	–	26,13%	–
2011	10,26%	–	26,91%	–
2012	10,62%	9,34%	25,13%	22,55%
2013	11,36%	9,67%	25,83%	22,38%
2014	11,81%	10,61%	25,57%	22,27%
2015	12,33%	11,11%	26,33%	22,58%
2016	–	11,83%	–	22,94%
2017	–	12,24%	–	24,07%

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[TFN1] Fonte: Oliveira (2019)OLIVEIRA, A. L. M. Educação Superior brasileira no início do século XXI: inclusão interrompida? Tese (Doutorado)–IE. Unicamp, 2019..